HAIL 



was opened (March 21, 1918), he 

 could not throw in these reserves 

 quickly, but, though disastrous 

 loss was inflicted by the rapid 

 German advance in overwhelming 

 strength, his dispositions were 

 generally justified and the attack 

 was not fatal. 



When Haig took the offensive on 

 Aug. 8, 1918, notwithstanding the 

 loss of 464,000 men which the 

 British army had suffered during 

 the German offensives, he handled 

 his troops, now heavily but tardily 

 reinforced from home and from 

 subsidiary fields, with brilliant 

 skill. From that hour he pressed 

 the Germans fiercely and unre- 

 lentingly, and won such a series of 

 victories against forces not in- 

 ferior hi strength and commanded 

 by the most experienced soldiers, 

 as no general had gained in the 

 war. His order of Aug. 1, 1918, 

 stating that the crisis had passed, 

 was marked by deep insight, 

 though its correctness was doubted 

 in London. 



The Final Victory 



His assault on the Hindenburg 

 line (Sept. 27-Oct. 1) was the 

 greatest feat in his career, under- 

 taken aa it was against the judge- 

 ment of the British War Cabinet, 

 which dreaded a repulse and 

 heavy casualties, when Foch 

 himself was reluctant to order it. 

 Its triumphant success in the face 

 of enormous difficulties was one 

 of the main factors in bringing a 

 speedy end of the war. So un- 

 certain was the home government 

 as to the position that it did not 

 venture to congratulate him and 

 his army until Oct. 7, when the 

 end of the war was now manifestly 

 in sight. His faith and courage 

 at that decisive moment place him 

 high among the leaders of men. 



He was not a showy commander 

 and he had minor defects, but Sir 

 F. Maurice states the truth when 

 he says that this " great leader's 

 calm judgement, coolness in ad- 

 versity, unselfish patience when 

 unsupported at home, and bold 

 decisions when the time came to 

 be bold, were vital factors in our 

 triumph." He led to the most 

 terrible war in history by far the 

 largest British forces which have 

 ever taken the field, and by sheer 

 strength of character and de- 

 termination he played the leading 

 part in the 100 days of almost con- 

 tinuous battle which brought the 

 war to so glorious a close. Though 

 many had doubted the capacity 

 of the Allies to meet the Germans 

 in a war of movement, he shone 

 in this, which was one of the 

 severest tests of generalship. 



Earl Haig received many honours 

 during and after the war. In 



3779 



addition to holding the high rank 

 of G.C.B. and G.C.V.O., he was 

 made a Knight of the Thistle in 

 1917, and awarded the Order of 

 Merit in 1919. He received 

 decorations from every nation of 

 the Allies, including the American 

 Cross of Honour, 1918, and the 

 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of 

 S. Maurice and S. Lazarus, 1916. 

 He was given honorary degrees 

 by several British universities, and 

 was elected lord rector of St. 

 Andrews University in 1916. He 

 received the freedom of over a 

 score of British cities and towns. 

 During 1919-20 he visited most 

 parts of the kingdom unveiling war 

 memorials, and delivering speeches 

 on behalf of disabled ex-officers 

 and men, in whom he took the 

 keenest interest. Early in 1921 he 

 paid a visit to S. Africa to attend 

 an empire conference on ex-service 

 men. See Cavalry Studies, Strat- 

 egical and Tactical, D. Haig, 1907 ; 

 Despatches, Dec., 1915-April, 1919, 

 ed. J. H. Boraston, 1919 ; Sir D. 

 Haig's Great Push : the Battle of 

 the Somme, H. N. Williamson, 

 1917. 



Hail. Balls of ice of complex 

 structure which fall usually from 

 cumulo-nimbus clouds during a 

 thunderstorm. They may exceed a 

 pound in weight and three inches in 

 diameter. Raindrops are some- 

 times carried upward by the as- 

 cending air currents which occur 

 during the development of thunder- 

 storms. If carried sufficiently high 

 they freeze, and any subsequent 

 upward movement causes conden- 

 sation and subsequent freezing of 

 moisture until the ball is composed 

 of several concentric layers of ice. 

 If the ball suffers alternate risings 

 and fallings these layers become 

 more definite. Finally when the 

 ball is too large to be carried by the 

 ascending currents the hail falls. 



Hail is necessarily hard and com- 

 pact and is usually tough enough 

 to retain its shape after collision 

 with the ground. Consequently, 

 hail does serious damage to fruit 

 trees, growing 

 crops, and glass. 



Hail. Town of } 

 Arabia, the capi- 

 tal of the emirate 

 of S homer or 

 Shammar. It is 

 situated about 250 

 m. N.E. of the 

 sacred town of 

 Medina. Pop. 

 10,000.- 



Hailes, DAVID 

 DAIVRYMPLE, LORD 

 (1726-92). Scot- 

 tish lawyer and 

 historian. Born in 

 Edinburgh, Oct. 



Lord Hailes, 

 Scottish lawyer 



After Seton 



HAILEYBURY 



28, 1726, he 



was the eld- 

 est son of Sir 

 James Dal- 

 rymple, Bart., 

 of Hailes, and 

 a descendant of 

 Viscount Stair. 

 Educated a t 

 Eton and 

 Utrecht, he 

 became a law- 

 yer. After a suc- 

 cessful career as an advocate, he 

 was made a judge in 1766, taking 

 the tite of Lord Hailes. He died 

 Nov. 29, 1792. Leaving no sons, 

 his baronetcy passed to his nephew, 

 and his estates to the family of 

 Ferguson, into which his daughter 

 married. Lord Hailes was friendly 

 with Johnson, Burke, and Horace 

 Walpole. A stout believer in Chris- 

 tianity, he replied to Gibbon's 

 strictures on that faith, and wrote 

 much on historical and anti- 

 quarian subjects. His chief wor^, 

 is The Annals of Scotland, a 

 bold chronological outline of 

 Scottish history, 1057-1371, but 

 scrupulously fair and accurate. 

 Hailes is a village in Haddington- 

 shire, 4 m. from Haddington. It 

 stands on the Tyne, and has a 

 ruined castle. 



Haileybury College. English 

 public school. It was founded in 

 1862, and took over the college at 

 Haileybury, near Hertford, main- 

 tained by the East India Company 

 from 1806 until its dissolution. It 

 is a Church of England school and 

 is governed by a council. Divided 

 into three sections, upper, middle, 

 and lower, it has classical and 

 modern sides and gives several 

 scholarships. The boys, about 500 

 in number, live in ten houses, but 

 take their meals together in the 

 college, except a few who are in a 

 boarding-house proper. During the 

 Great War, 2,814 old Haileyburians 

 served with H.M. forces, of whom 

 566 lost their lives, and the list of 

 honours included four Victoria 



Haileybury College. Quadrangle of the famous Hert- 

 fordshire public school . 



