HAILSHAM 



3780 



HAIR 



Hails ham. Market town and 

 parish of Sussex. It is 7 m. N. of 

 Eastbourne and 54 m. from 

 London and has a station on the 

 L.B. & S.C. Ely. The chief build- 

 ing is S. Mary's Church, a Perpen- 

 dicular building. The town has a 

 trade in agricultural produce, 

 cattle and sheep markets, and one 

 or two manufactures. Near is 

 Michelham, a residence which was 

 once a monastic house. Market 

 day, Wed. (alternate). Pop. 4,600. 



Hainan/ Island S. of China, 

 separated from Kwangtung prov. 

 by a narrow strait. Kiungchowf u is 

 the capital, and Hoihow the chief 

 port. The centre of the island is 

 mountainous, with peaks rising to 

 7,000 ft. Chinese inhabit mainly 

 the coast line ; in the interior 

 aboriginal tribes, known as Sai or 

 Li, maintain a semi-independent 

 existence. Rubber is produced and 

 tin exported, but the mine is still 

 worked by native methods. Area 

 13,900 sq. m. Est. pop. 1,500,000. 



Hainault OR HAINAUT. Prov. 

 of Belgium, formerly the county of 

 Hainault. It is bounded by the ir- 

 regular line of the French frontier, 

 and by the provinces of W. and E. 

 Flanders, Brabant, and Namur. 

 The prov. is hilly in parts, espe- 

 cially round Renaix, and in the 

 district known as the Borinage, 

 round Mons. The Schelde, Sambre, 

 Dendre, and Haine are the chief 

 rivers. The seat of the provincial 

 administration is Mons, and the 

 other important towns are Charle- 

 roi, Tournai, Thuin, Lessines, Ath, 

 Leuze, Enghien, Jumet, La Lou- 

 viere,Chimay,Soignies,andWasmes. 



Hainault contains one of the 

 chief industrial areas of Belgium, 

 the rich coal and steel districts cen- 

 tring on Mons and Charleroi. In 

 the N. it is mainly agricultural, 

 cereals and beetroots being im- 

 portant crops ; quarries and glass- 

 works are also notable. There are 

 numerous rly. lines in all directions, 

 and the artificial waterways, the 

 Mons-Conde canal and the canal- 

 ised Sambre with its water con- 

 nexion to Brussels from Charleroi, 

 are the main outlets to France. 

 The prov. is intimately connected 

 with the coalfields and industries 

 of N.E. France. The inhabitants 

 are almost entirely French-speaking 

 Walloons. Area, 1,437 sq. m. Pop. 

 1,214,093. 



As an independent county, 

 Hainault was of some importance 

 in earlier times. The first of the 

 long line of counts of Hainault was 

 Reginar I (d. 916), who took part 

 in the acquisition of Lorraine by 

 Charles III of France*. His descen- 

 dant, the countess Rachilda, mar- 

 ried Baldwin VI of Flanders, c. 

 1040, which brought Hainault into 



close relationship with its northern 

 neighbour. At the end of the 13th 

 century count Jean d'Avesnes 

 (1279-1304) inherited also the 

 county of Holland, which was 

 united with that of Hainault, until 

 the latter fell to Burgundy, after 

 which its history is knit with that 

 of the Netherlands. Hainault was 

 occupied by the French revolution- 

 ary armies in 1794, amalgamated 

 with the Netherlands in 1814, and 

 finally incorporated with the king- 

 dom of Belgium in 1830. See Bel- 

 gium ; Netherlands. 



Hainault Forest. Open space 

 in Essex, England. Lying to the 

 S.E. of Epping Forest (q.v.), it 

 formed part of the ancient Forest of 

 Waltham, of which all of the 4,000 

 acres remaining, except Crabtree 

 Wood, near Chigwell Row, were 

 disafforested in 1851-52. The 

 name Hainault Forest is now ap- 

 plied to 805 acres (551 arable land 

 and 245 acres forest) acquired for 

 the public in 1903 at a cost of 

 21,830, and opened July, 1906. It 

 is the largest open space under the 

 control of the London County 

 Council. Fairlop Fair, held in 

 July, 1725-1852, was held about 

 1 m. E. of Chigwell Row under or 

 near a famous oak known as Fair- 

 lop Oak, destroyed by a gale in 1820, 

 and from which were made the pul- 



S't and reading desk in S. Pancras 

 aurch, Euston Road, London. 



Hamburg OB WEISSES LAMM. 

 Town of Austria. It stands on the 

 right bank of the Danube, 27 m. 

 E.S.E. of Vienna, and near the 

 Hungarian frontier. It is a pic- 

 turesque place surrounded by old 

 walls, and on the top of the 

 Schlossberg (950 ft.) are the re- 

 mains of a castle mentioned in the 

 Nibelungenlied. It was a Hun- 

 garian border fortress until 1042, 

 when it was taken by the emperor, 

 Henry III. On the Wiener Tor is a 

 statue traditionally said to be that 

 of Attila. Between Deutsch-Alten- 

 burg (Goldenes Lamm) and Petro- 

 nell are remains of the Roman station 

 of Carnuntum (q.v. ), inchiding an 

 amphitheatre. Pop. of dist., 15^200. 



Haiphong OR HAI-FONG. Sea- 

 port of Tong-king, French Indo- 

 China. It stands on the right bank 

 of the Kua-Kam, a tributary of 

 the Song-ka, 60 m. from Hanoi, 

 its port. The new French residen- 

 tial quarter is well laid out, with 

 broad streets and boulevards. 

 Cotton milling is one of the leading 

 occupations. It is a French naval 

 station, having rly. communica- 

 tion with Hanoi, and a brisk trade 

 with Hong Kong. Pop. 18,500. 



Hair. Outgrowth or develop- 

 ment of the skin characteristic of 

 all mammals. It includes not only 

 fur and hair like that of the human 



body, but also the bristles of the pig, 

 the vibrissae or whiskers of the cat, 

 and the spines of the hedgehog 

 and porcupine. Its object is to 

 keep the body warm, mammals 

 like the whales, which have little 

 hair, being provided with a thick 

 layer of fat beneath the skin. 



Each hair is developed in a 

 little follicle or pit in the skin, and 

 grows from a papilla or small bulb 

 at the base of the follicle. When 

 the hair falls off, or is pulled out, 

 another is developed from the 

 papilla. Permanent baldness is 

 due to the atrophy or destruction 

 of these papillae. The body of the 

 hair is covered with minute scales, 

 and forms a kind of tube contain- 

 ing pigment or colouring matter. 

 The white or grey hair of old age is 

 due to the failure of pigment and 

 its replacement by air. 



Each hair follicle is provided 

 with sebaceous glands, which se- 

 crete an oily liquid for the purpose 

 of lubricating the hair. It has also 

 a tiny muscle by which the hair 

 can be erected. This is very effi- 

 cient in some animals, as the" com- 

 mon cat, but in the human species 

 it acts but feebly, the phenomenon 

 of the hair " standing on. end " 



Hair. Left, of stinging nettle; A, 

 large hair; B, smaller hairs with 

 broken tips, growing from veins. 

 Right, human hair; 1, epidermis; 2, 

 mouth of hair follicle; 3. sebaceous 

 follicle ; 4, arrector pili muscle ; 

 5, papilla of hair ; 6, adipose tissue 



being rare. The curious sensation 

 known as " goose skin " is due to 

 the contraction of these small 

 muscles. The hair is constantly 

 being shed and regrown, and it is 

 believed that the entire hair of the 

 human head is renewed every three 

 or four years. Baldness may be due 

 to actual disease, want of general 

 tone in the skin, or to hereditary ten- 

 dency. The wearing of un ventilated 

 hats is a common cause of the trouble. 

 Most mammalia are entirely 

 covered with hair. This is true of 

 the human species, the only abso- 

 lutely hairless regions being the 

 palms of the hands and the soles of 

 the feet. In some forms hair is a 

 secondary sexual characteristic, as 

 the beard of the man and the mane 

 of the lion and male baboon. The 

 colour of the hair in many animals 



