HAIREDIN 



3782 



HAITI 



with the wearer's hair, thickly 

 greased and powdered, and adorn- 

 ing the pile with false curls, jewels, 

 feathers, and flowers. The Carolean 

 custom of wearing enormous wigs 

 was almost as absurd. 



False hair, dyes, and pomatums 

 have been in use through the ages ; 

 Roman ladies scattered gold dust 

 on their heads ; Mary Queen of 

 Scots ordered false additions to her 

 hair while in prison; Pepys's wife 

 began to wear flaxen hair in middle 

 life. See Barber. 



Hairedin Barbarossa. Turk- 

 ish battleship sunk by a British 

 submarine in the Sea of Marmora, 

 Aug. 9, 1915. She was sold to Tur- 

 key in 1910, after 16 years' service 

 in the German fleet as the Kur- 

 fiirst Friedrich Wilhelm. Strongly 

 protected with armour, upon a hull 

 354 ft. long and 64 ft. in beam, she 

 carried six 11 -inch guns in turrets, 

 20 smaller weapons, and two tor- 

 pedo tubes. 



Hair Grass (Aira caespitosa). 

 Perennial grass of the natural order 

 Graminae. Widely distributed in 

 temperate and cold climates, it has 

 flat, rough, tough leaves, and shin- 

 ing brown or purplish flower spike- 

 lets. Its stems attain a height of 

 4 ft. or 5 ft., and the plant forms 

 thick tussocks in wet places. The 

 herbage is too coarse for agricul- 

 tural or grazing purposes. 



Hair Moss (Polytrichum com- 

 mune). Large moss of the natural 

 order Bryaceae. A native of all 

 temperate regions, it has awl- 

 shaped leaves with toothed edges, 

 set closely around the stiff, pliant 

 stem, which ends in the so-called 

 flower (sexual organs), or in the 

 long-stalked spore-capsule (spor- 

 ange) covered by its thatch-like 

 cap (calypter). The dried plants 

 are used for stuffing pillows, and 

 for making dusting brushes. 



Haiti, HAYTI OR SANTO DOMINGO. 

 Island in the W. Indies, one of the 

 Greater Antilles, second only in 

 size to Cuba. The Mona Passage 

 separates it from Porto Rico on the 

 E. and the Windward Passage from 

 Cuba on the W. The Atlantic 

 washes its northern shores and the 

 Caribbean Sea its southern. Haiti 

 is 400 m. long and from 60 m. to 

 160 m. broad; its area is 29,536 

 sq. m., nearly the size of Ireland. 

 It is politically divided into two re- 

 publics Haiti on the W. and Santo 

 Domingo (q.v. ), or the Dominican 

 Republic, on the E. 



Haiti is extremely fertile, lofty, 

 and heavily forested, mountain 

 ranges alternating with rich val- 

 leys, watered by numerous rivers, 

 and diversified by plains and ex- 

 tensive lakes. Several mountain 

 ranges traverse the island longitu- 

 dinally, the loftiest peak being 



Haiti. Map of the West Indian island containing the 

 republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo 



Loma Tina in the N. W. (alt. 10,300 

 ft. ). Between the mountains of the 

 N.W. is a broad, fertile tableland 

 called the Vega Real or royal gar- 

 den, intersected by several large 

 streams. The principal rivers are 

 the Artibonite, rising in the moun- 

 tains of the N.W. and discharging 

 into the Bay of Gona'ives; the Yuna, 

 flowing E. ; the Yaqui del Norte, 

 flowing N.W. ; and the Yaqui del 

 Sur, flowing S. The largest lakes lie 

 in the S. and S.W. portions of the 

 island. In the E. is a series of 

 llanos or prader ias, valleys or plains. 

 The climate is very hot and 

 humid, especially on the plains, and 

 is unsuited to Europeans. The 

 rainy season begins in May and lasts 

 generally until the end of October, 

 but sometimes well into November; 



A succession of 

 sanguinary c o n- 

 flicts led to the 

 extermination o f 

 the aborigines, and 

 within a generation 

 scarcely any of 

 them survived, 

 thousands of negro 

 slaves being 

 shipped from Africa 

 to take their place. 

 In the 17th century 

 French buccaneers, 

 who had made 



Hair Moss. Stems and spore- 

 capsules rising from the foliage 



the best months are from April to 

 June. Occasional hurricanes occur 

 during the wet season. 



The chief products are coffee, 

 cocoa, cotton, tobacco, hides and 

 skins, gum, honey, sugar, and rum. 

 Cattle-breeding is neglected. In 

 the dense forests of the mountain- 

 ous regions many valuable woods 

 are obtained, notably mahogany, 

 lignum-vitae, and dye woods. The 

 minerals include gold,, silver, cop- 

 per, tin, iron, nickel, gypsum, kaolin, 

 porphyry, and limestone. 



Haiti was first touched by Euro- 

 peans on Dec. 6, 1492, when Co- 

 lumbus landed on its shores. He 

 named it Hispaniola, and four 

 years later colonists from Spain 

 founded the city of Santo Domingo. 



the island of Tortuga their haunt, 

 settled on the shores of the Bay of 

 Gonalves, and in 1697, at the peace 

 of Ryswick, the W. portion, 

 amounting to nearly one-third of 

 the island, was ceded to them. In 

 1791 the negroes, who had largely 

 increased in numbers, revolted and 

 overthrew their cruel taskmasters, 

 the result being that two years later 

 the emancipation of the blacks was 

 decreed by the French Convention. 



Haitian Independence 

 Under Toussaint 1'Ouverture 

 (q.v.), a negro of ability who had 

 been made military chief, the 

 negroes captured the remaining 

 Spanish portion of the island, and 

 expelled the Europeans. In 1801 

 an expedition was sent by France 

 to recover her lost possession, but 

 although they captured 1'Ouverture 

 and deported him, they could not 

 maintain their position, and re- 

 linquished the island in 1803. The 

 independence of Haiti was pro- 

 claimed on Jan. 1, 1804, and from 

 1804-6 Dessalines ruled as emperor. 

 From 1809-21 the Spaniards re- 

 covered possession of the E. end of 

 the island, but the negroes again 

 revolted, and the E. and W. por- 

 tions were joined together as the 

 republic of Haiti until 1844, when 

 the Dominican Republic was estab- 

 lished. Since that time the history 

 of Haiti, with its two little repub- 

 lics, has been marked by political 

 confusion and a succession of revo- 

 lutions between the negroes and 

 half-breeds. See Santo Domingo. 

 Haiti. Republic embracing the 

 W. portion of the island of Haiti, 

 in the W. Indies. Area 10,204 sq. 

 m. Although 

 smaller in area, 

 it is more import- 

 ant than the re- 

 public of Santo 

 Domingo on the 

 E. The coast- 

 line is greatly 

 indented on the 

 W. by the Bay of 



Haiti, arms of the 

 republic 



Gonaives, lying between two moun- 

 tainous peninsulas, and at the head 

 of the bay lies Port au Prince, the 

 capital. Several islands lying off the 

 coast are subject to this republic 



