HALIARTUS 



3789 



HALICARNASSUS 



In the practical making of half- 

 tone .blocks, the original is photo- 

 graphed with a screen of fineness 

 corresponding with the quality of 

 the printing. For magazine illustra- 

 tion, a screen of 120 to 135 lines 

 per inch is commonly used ; for 

 newspaper half-tones, one of 65 to 

 100 lines, and for the finest cata- 

 logues and book engravings, 150 to 

 175 lines. The action of the screen 

 at a short distance from the plate 

 consists in the formation on the 

 latter of a dot from every aperture 

 produced by the crossing of the 

 lines of the screen, these dots 

 automatically ranging in size from 

 mere separate points in the high- 

 lights, to larger units which unite 

 to form a honeycomb pattern in 

 the middle tones, and an almost 

 solid black in the shadows. From 

 this screen-negative a resist-image 

 is printed on metal, usually copper, 

 although zinc is largely used. The 

 metal is usually sensitised by the 

 enameline process, viz. by coating 

 with a solution of fish-glue and 

 bichromate of ammonium which is 

 flowed on and thinly and evenly 

 distributed by whirling the plate. 



After drying and printing under 

 the negative, whereby the light- 

 affected parts are rendered in- 

 soluble, the plate is rinsed, and 

 usually is then dipped in a dye 

 bath of methyl violet to render the 

 very thin image plainly visible. 

 The soluble parts of the coating 

 are removed, first in cold and 

 finally in warm water, and the plate, 

 after drying, is " burnt in " that is, 

 heated to a temperature at which 

 it scorches wood, whereby the 

 fish-glue image is converted into a 

 hard enamel-like substance which 

 is an effective resist of the etching 

 fluid. The latter is perchloride of 

 iron (ferric chloride) for copper, 

 nitric acid for zinc. As in the 

 case of line blocks, half-tones are 

 now very largely etched by the acid 

 spray of a machine. 



The next operation is the so- 

 called " fine " etching or re- 

 etching, called " staging " in 

 America. The plate up to this 

 point is said to have been "flat- 

 etched." Fine etching consists in 

 lightening parts of the plate by 

 further treatment in the etching 

 bath or machine, the other portion 

 of the plate being covered with 

 etch-proof varnish. The process, 

 which is artist's work, is carried 

 out to improve the quality of a 

 block from a defective original, 

 for example, making an object 

 stand out against its background 

 by lightening the tone of the 

 latter, but it is very largely used to 

 correct the defective work of the 

 photographer in making the screen- 

 negative. 



When fascimile reproduction, or 

 the nearest approximation to it, is 

 required, fine etching should be 

 vetoed ; without its aid the half- 

 tone process is capable of almost 

 exact reproduction of the tones 

 from an original. After fine- 

 etching a plate is often further 

 improved by mechanical means. 

 Parts can be made to print darker 

 by rubbing with a burnisher, a 

 highly polished steel blade with 

 rounded edges; or parts may be 

 lightened with a roulette, a milled 

 steel tool which can be used to im- 

 press minute holes into the plate. 



The last stages in the making of a 

 half-tone plate are routing, lining, 

 mounting, and piercing, for all of 

 which special machines have been 

 devised. Routing consists in cut- 

 ting away the metal of the plate to 

 part of its thickness by means of a 

 high-speed tool like a drill. It is 

 used for blocks where, for example, 

 a head or a machine is required to 

 print without a background. Lin- 

 ing is the putting round the rect- 

 angular picture of a line or rule, or 

 a series of line borders. This is 

 done, as a rule, also by the machine 

 which bevels the plate. The plate is 

 next mounted type-high on hard 

 wood, and the whole, the wood 

 as well as the metal, may be 

 "pierced" again by a high-speed 

 cutting tool, if it is required to pro- 

 vide space for type among several 

 pictures on a single block. 



Although the making of a half- 

 tone block involves so many separ- 

 ate operations, this branch of 

 photo-engraving has become so 

 highly organized and accelerated by 

 mechanical appliances that the 

 whole process can be done in a very 

 few minutes. At a demonstration 

 made by The Daily Mail for a 

 French editor, a half -tone block was 

 finished by the Mail's photo-engrav- 

 ing department within 34 minutes 

 of the original photograph having 

 been taken on the Thames Em- 

 bankment. See Intaglio; Photo- 

 gravure; Process. G. E. Brown 



Haliartus. Town of ancient 

 Greece, in Boeotia, situated on the 

 southern shore of Lake Copai's. Said 

 to have been destroj^ed by Xerxes 

 during his invasion of Greece, it was 

 rebuilt and became an important 

 place. The site and ruins of Hali- 

 artus are near the modern village 

 of Mazi. In 171 B.C. it was be- 

 sieged by the Romans, and its 

 territory handed over to Athens, 

 167. 



Haliburton, THOMAS CHANDLER 

 (1796-1865). Canadian judge and 

 author. Born at Windsor, Nova 

 Scotia, son of a justice of the com- 

 mon pleas, and educated at the 

 grammar school and King's Col- 

 lege, he was called to the bar in 



1820, became chief justice of com- 

 mon pleas, 182840, and judge of 

 the supreme court, 1842-56, when 



T. C. Haliburton, 

 Canadian judge 



jSKgi^maaj^^wi^Ml 



I England. He 



\vu.s M.P. for 

 I L a u n c eston, 

 W^fjf:' 1859-65, and 

 i died at Isle- 

 worth, Aug. 

 27, 1865. 



Founder of 

 the American 

 school of dia- 

 lect humour, 

 he is famous as the creator of 

 Sam Slick, Yankee clockmaker 

 and pedlar, whose drolleries and wit 

 first found expression in The Nova 

 Scotian newspaper in 1835. 



In addition to The Clockmaker, 

 or Sayings and Doings of Sam 

 vSlick of " Slickville, 1837-40, he 

 wrote A General Description of 

 Nova Scotia, 1823 ; Historical and 

 Descriptive Account of Nova 

 Scotia, 1825-29; Bubbles of Can- 

 ada. 1839 ; The Attache, or Sam 

 Slick in England, 1843-44 ; The Old 

 Judge, or Life in a Colony, 1849 ; 

 Traits of American Humour, 1852 ; 

 Rule and Mis-rule of the English in 

 America, 1850 ; Sam Slick's Wise 

 Saws and Modern Instances, 1853. 

 To encourage Canadian literature 

 a society called the Haliburton 

 Society was founded at King's Col- 

 lege, Windsor, N.S., and its first 

 publication was a memoir of Hali- 

 burton by F. B. Crofton, 1889. 



Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris). 

 Largest of the Mat fishes. It occa- 

 sionally attains a length of over 

 7 ft., but is usually between 4 ft. 

 and 5 ft. The body is thick and 

 narrow, and brown on the upper 

 side. Generally found at some 

 distance from the shores to a depth 



Halibut, the largest flat fish 

 of 100 fathoms, it is taken by trawl- 

 ing. Its food consists of fish and 

 the smaller crustaceans. It is ex- 

 tremely prolific and an important 

 food fish. 



Halicarnassus . Ancient Greek 

 city of Caria in Asia Minor, opposite 

 the island of Cos. A Dorian colony 

 from Troezene, like other Greek 

 cities of Asia Minor, it became sub- 

 ject to Persia in the 6th century 

 n.c. In the 4th century B.C. it was 

 the seat of a dynasty which ruled in 

 Caria. On the death of Mausolus, 

 one of the dynasty, his widow 

 Artemisia raised a magnificent 

 monument to his memory known as 

 the Mausoleum (q.v.), which was 



