HALIFAX 



Halicz, Poland. The principal thoroughfare of the 

 town, leading towards the Dniester 



considered one of the seven won- 

 ders of the ancient world. In 334 

 B.C. the city was taken after a siege 

 by Alexander the Great. The 

 historians Herodotus and Diony- 

 sius of Halicarnassus were natives. 

 It is the modern Budrum. 



Halicz OR GALICZ. Town of Po- 

 land, in Galicia, formerly belonging 

 to ^Austria-Hungary. It stands on 

 the Dniester, 60 m. S.S.E. of Lem- 

 berg (Lwow), and is noted for the 

 brine springs in the vicinity. Salt 

 and soap are manufactured, and 

 there is some trade in timber. The 

 medieval fortress of the princes of 

 Halicz, which stands on an emin- 

 ence, is now in ruins. At the parti- 

 tion of Poland in 1773 the town 

 of Halicz was included in Austrian 

 Galicia. It became part of Poland 

 when that kingdom was recon- 

 stituted in 1919. Pop. 4,956. 



Halicz, CAMPAIGNS AROUND. Op- 

 erations in the Great War, 1914-17. 

 The Russians in their invasion of 

 Galicia in the first month of the 

 war captured Halicz and Tarnopol 

 on Aug. 27, 1914, and overran the 

 greater part of Galicia. In the 

 spring of 1915 the Austro-Germans 

 commenced an important counter- 

 campaign, and their operations for 

 the recapture of Halicz were under- 

 taken in June, 1915. 



On June 22, 23, and 24, the Rus- 

 sians threw the German and Aus- 

 trian forces back, but in accord- 

 ance with the retreat eastward of 

 their armies farther N. they aban- 

 doned the line from Zuravno to near 

 Halicz, and fell back to the Gnila 

 Lipa on June 26, about the same 

 time as these other armies reached 

 that river, along which heavy 

 fighting proceeded round Rohatyn 

 and other points in its course. On 

 June 30 the Russians retreated to 

 the Narajovka,with a further retire- 

 ment to the Zlota Lipa in view. 



Meanwhile, Austrian forces were 

 bombarding Halicz, and the Rus- 

 sians withdrew from th^ south side 

 of the river, preparing at the same 

 time for evacuating the town, in 

 accordance with the movement of 



their troops higher 

 up. On June 27 

 the Austrians oc- 

 cupied S. Halicz, 

 and on the night of 

 June 28-29, under 

 cover of a thick 

 fog, they crossed 

 the river and got 

 into N. Halicz. It 

 looked as if they 

 might turn the 

 Russian line, but on 

 June 30 the Rus- 

 sians rallied near 

 Halicz and drove 

 the Austrians back 

 to the river, thus 

 permitting a general withdrawal 

 from the line of the Gnila to that of 

 the Zlota Lipa, the new positions 

 being taken up on July 3. 



Russia's final offensive was 

 directed towards recovering the 

 ground lost in Galicia in 1915, and 

 one of the objectives was the re- 

 capture of Halicz. 



While the struggle raged around 

 Brzezany (see Brzezany, battles of), 

 in the course of Brusiloff's 1917 

 offensive in Galicia, Korniloff, with 

 the 8th Russian Army, cooperated 

 on the S. between the Dniester 

 and the Pruth, by bombarding, on 

 July 7, the Austro- German front 

 below Jezupol along the Bistritsa, 

 where stood the 4th Austrian Army 

 commanded by Tersztyansky, and 

 attacking it in force next day. 

 Having made several breaches in 

 the fortified lines of the enemy to 

 the west of Stanislau, the Russians 

 advanced, and captured Jezupol 

 and various adjacent villages on 

 the Bistritsa. On July 9 Korniloff 

 continued his advance to Halicz, 

 reaching the Lukovitsa, the enemy 

 retreating to the line of the Lom- 

 nitsa. As the result of the two 

 days' fighting the Austro -German 

 front was rolled up for 13 m. to a 

 depth of from three to seven m. 

 On July 10 the Russians resumed 

 their pursuit N.W. and captured 

 Halicz by a converging attack. 

 During the three days' advance, 

 which had covered 15 m., they 

 captured 10,000 prisoners. 



On July 11 the Russians took 

 Kalusz, W. of the Lomnitsa, and 

 next day, crossing the river at its 

 junction with the Dniester, cap- 

 tured the heights on the western 

 bank, while farther south the 

 enemy was driven back from the 

 hills north-east of Kalusz. On July 

 13-14 the Austro-Germans, who 

 had been reinforced, made a deter- 

 mined stand on the Lomnitsa, and, 

 pushing the Russians back strongly, 

 attacked towards Kalusz, which 

 they recaptured, July 16, the Rus- 

 sians being compelled to withdraw 

 across the river. 



On July 19 the Austro-Germans 

 began a counter-offensive against 

 the Russian front along the Zlota 

 Lipa to the Dniester, which, owing 

 to the defection of the Russian 

 troops there, quickly succeeded 

 in changing the general situation 

 in the whole southern, area to 

 the utter discomfiture of Russia. 

 On July 21 the Russians were 

 driven from Babin and across the 

 Lomnitsa. As the enemy pressure 

 and the . Russian breakdown 

 farther north became more and 

 more pronounced the S. Galician 

 armies had to fall back, aban- 

 doning Halicz , Nod vorna, S tan isl au , 

 and other places. See Galicia, 

 Campaigns in ; Korniloff. 



Halidon Hill. Battlefield near 

 Berwick-on-Tweed, where, July 19, 

 1333, a battle was fought between 

 the English and the Scots. The 

 English, under Edward III, were 

 nearly all dismounted, and were 

 divided into three divisions or- 

 battles, each composed of men-at- 

 arms, with archers on their flanks. 

 The Scots, under Sir Archibald 

 Douglas, came up the hill in dense 

 columns. Their attack was re- 

 pulsed by the showers of arrows, 

 only their left reaching the English, 

 while the rest were driven down 

 the hill, pursued by the English 

 on horseback. The forces engaged 

 were not large, and the losses of 

 the English were very light. The 

 battle was fought by the Scots to 

 save Berwick, but on their defeat 

 the town was promptly surren- 

 dered to Edward. 



Halifax. County and mun. bor- 

 ough of Yorkshire (W.R.). It 

 stands at the junction of the rivers 

 Hebble and 

 Calder, 7 m. S. W. 

 of Bradford, and 

 191 m. from 

 London. It has 

 stations on the 

 G.N. and L. & 

 Y Rlvs. The 



Halifax arms 



principal secular 

 buildings include 

 the town hall, a 19th century edifice 

 designed by Sir Charles Barry, and 

 the royal infirmary in the Renais- 

 sance style. The Piece Hall, now 

 a market, dates from the 13th 

 century. 



Of the churches that of S. John 

 the Baptist is the chief ; although 

 dating mainly from the 17th cen- 

 tury, part of it is older, while there 

 was a church on the site before 

 1066. All Souls is a fine modern 

 church designed by Sir Gilbert 

 Scott, and the chief of many Non- 

 conformist churches is the Congre- 

 gational building, Square Church. 

 There is a public library and muse- 

 um ; also the Ackroyd museum and 



