HALL 



from 1509. The salt-works are im- 

 portant, and there are saline baths 

 on an island in the river. There is a 

 large trade in cattle. 



Belonging in the llth century 

 to the counts of Westheim, it 

 passed to the knights templars. 

 It was a free city of the empire 

 from the 13th century down to 

 1802, when it was taken over by 

 Wurttemberg. The coins called 

 Heller (Haller) were first struck at 

 the mint here. To the S. of the 

 town is the llth century Benedic- 

 tine abbey of Komburg. Pop. 9,400. 

 Hall, SIR ALFRED DANIEL (b. 

 1864). British agriculturalist. Edu- 

 cated at Manchester and Oxford, 

 in 1 894 he became principal of the 

 South-EasternAgriculturalCollege, 

 Wye. He left there in 1902 to be 

 director of the Rothamsted Experi- 

 mental Station, where he remained 

 for 10 years In 1917 he was ap- 

 pointed permanent secretary to 

 the board of agriculture, receiving 

 a knighthood the following year. 

 He published much on agriculture, 

 and contributed papers to the Pro- 

 ceedings of the Royal Society, 

 Chemical Society, etc. 



Hall, ASAPH( 1829-1 907). Ameri- 

 can astronomer. Of humble birth 

 and little education, his taste for 

 mathematics led him to study. In 

 1857 he obtained a position as as- 

 sistant in the Cambridge observa- 

 tory. Here his progress was rapid, 

 and after five years he was ap- 

 pointed professor of mathematics 

 in the U.S. naval observatory. He 

 was sent on expeditions to Bering 

 Straits, Sicily, Vladivostok, and 

 elsewhere to observe eclipses and 

 transits, and in 1877 he made his 

 name by the discovery of the two 

 satellites of Mars. Retiring from 

 the observatory in 1891, from 

 1895-1901 he was professor of 

 astronomy at Harvard. 



Hall, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821- 

 71). American explorer. Born at 

 Rochester, New Hampshire, he 

 began his ca- 

 reer as a jour- 

 nalist, and, in 

 the service of 

 the American 

 Geographical 

 Society, in 

 I860 accom- 

 panied the ex- 

 pedition sent 

 to search for 

 Sir John 

 Franklin, and 

 passed two 

 years amongst 

 the Eskimos. In 1864 he made 

 another Arctic voyage, meeting, in 

 1866, some Eskimos who gave him 

 authentic details of the fate of 

 Franklin and his party. From them 

 he received Franklin's watch and 



3794 



other relics which put the fate of 

 the explorer beyond all doubt. On 

 this occasion he spent five years in 

 the Arctic regions. In 1871 he was 

 sent on another expedition by the 

 U.S. government, and reached 

 82 11' N., the farthest north any 

 vessel had yet attained. After a 

 sledging expedition he was taken 

 ill and died, Nov. 8, 1871. After 

 many dangers his party returned 

 to New York in 1873. 



Hall, CHARLES MARTIN (18G3- 

 1914). American chemist. He was 

 born in Ohio, Dec. 6, 1863, and 

 educated at Oberlin College. He 

 patented a method of preparing 

 aluminium by dissolving alumina 

 in a fused bath composed of the 

 fluorides of aluminium and a metal 

 more electro-positive than alu- 

 minium. By this invention alu- 

 minium became available at a 

 cheap price. He died Dec. 27, 1914. 

 Hall, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN 

 (1816-1902). British Noncon- 

 formist. Born at Maidstone, May 

 22, 181 6, son of 

 I John Vine Hall 

 I (1774-1860), 

 proprietor of 

 ' The Maidstone 

 I Journal and 

 I atithor of The 

 S i n n e r's 

 Friend, he was 

 educated at 

 Rochester and 

 Totteridge. At 

 the age of 14 he 

 entered his father's printing office, 

 becoming compositor, reader, and 

 reporter. Then came conversion, 

 lay preaching, and study for the 

 ministry. He studied at Highbury 

 College and London University, 

 1 837-42 ; was pastor of Albion Con- 

 gregational Church, Hull, 1842-54; 

 of. Surrey Chapel, London, 1854- 

 76 ; and of the same congregation 

 at Christ Church, Lambeth, built at 

 cost of 64,000 in perpetuation of 

 Surrey Chapel, 1876-92. 



He was chairman of the Congre- 

 gational Union, 1866,laboured inces- 

 santly as an evangelical preacher, 

 visited Canada and the U.S.A. in 

 1867, was an eloquent vindicator of 

 the North during the American 

 Civil War, and wrote many devo- 

 tional works. Of his tract, Come to 

 Jesus, 1848, translated into various 

 languages, 4,000,000 copies were 

 sold. He died Feb. 17, 1902, and 

 was buried at Abney Park. 



Hall, EDWARD (c. 1500-1547). 

 English chronicler. A Shropshire 

 man, he was educated at Eton and 

 King's College, Cambridge. He be- 

 came a barrister and M.P. for 

 Bridgnorth in 1542, while he also 

 held official positions in the city of 

 London. Hall is known solely as 

 the author of a Chronicle published 



C. Newman Hall, 

 British Noncon- 

 formist 



Joseph Hall, 

 English prelate 



From a picture in Em 

 manuel Coll., Camb. 



HALL 



in 1548. This, called in full The 

 Union of the noble and illustrious 

 families of Lancaster and York, 

 gives an account of the history of 

 England from 1399 to 1547, when 

 Henry VIII died. It is a valuable 

 source, while it is also interesting be- 

 cause of Shakespeare's debt to it. 

 Hall was a Protestant, a royalist, a 

 hater of priests, and a lover of 

 pageants. His Chronicle was con- 

 tinued by other hands, and the 

 latter and more valuable part, that 

 dealing with Hall's own lifetime, has 

 been edited by C. Whibley, 1904. 



Hall, JOSEPH (1574-1656). Eng- 

 lish prelate and author. Born at 

 Bristow Park, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 

 July 1, 1574, 

 and educated 

 at Emmanuel 

 College, Cam- 

 bridge, of 

 which he be- 

 came fellow, he 

 held livings at 

 Halstead and 

 Waltham, was 

 dean of Wor 

 cester, 1616, 

 bishop of Exe- 

 ter, 1627-41, 

 and bishop of Norwich, 1641-47. 

 He accompanied Sir Edmund 

 Bacon to Spa, 1605 ; was chaplain 

 to Henry prince of Wales, 1608 ; 

 deputy at the synod of Dort, 1618. 



Though devoted to the Church of 

 England, he was accused by Laud 

 of puritanical leanings, and his de- 

 fence of episcopacy, 1640, caused 

 an attack by five Puritans whose 

 initials formed the joint pseudo- 

 nym of Smectymnuus, and in- 

 volved him in controversy with 

 Milton. Impeached and imprisoned 

 1642, his estate was sequestered and 

 his house plundered. He described 

 his trials in Hard Measure, 1647. 

 He died in poverty at Higham, 

 near Norwich, Sept. 8, 1656. 



He wrote in couplets a series of 

 epigrammatical satires, after the 

 manner of Martial and Juvenal, 

 entitled Virgidemiarum (gathering 

 of rods), 1597-98. The first of their 

 kind in English, they attacked 

 current poetical taste, neglect of 

 polite learning, and contemporary 

 manners and fashions. Felicitous 

 in phrasing, racy in their wit and 

 humour, and intrepid in invective, 

 they overemphasised human frailty 

 but are valuable for their portrai- 

 ture of men and manners of the 

 time. Author of devotional works 

 generally known as his Contempla- 

 tions, Hall anticipated Earle and 

 Overbury in the writing of Charac- 

 ters. Wotton calls him Our Eng- 

 lish Seneca. See Works, ed. P. 

 Wynter, 1863 ; Poems, ed. A. B. 

 Grosart, 1879: Meditations, ed. C. 

 Sayle, 1902 ; Life, G. Lewis, 1886 



