3797 



HALL MARK 



Haller, JOSEPH (b. 1873). Polish 

 soldier. The grandson of Joseph 

 Anton Haller, formerly president 

 ^^MH^M^M^^ f the republic 

 I of Cracow, he 

 j ? was educated 

 1 for the army 

 I in Vienna. He 

 f distinguished 

 ! himself in the 

 I Great War, 

 especially i n 

 ' the campaign 

 Joseph Haller, in V o 1 h v n i a, 

 Polish soldier and the b ' att | eg 



on the Styr and Stokhod. In 1917 

 he organized a unit of Polish troops 

 and led them in the campaigns in 

 the Bukowina. He disapproved of 

 the peace of Brest Litovsk, signed 

 March 3, 1918, and joined a nuriiber 

 of Poles in Bessarabia, breaking 

 through the Austrian lines and 

 reaching the Ukraine. There he 

 commanded a corps, but was de- 

 feated by Von Eichorn's forces at 

 Kamoff. He went to France in 

 the autumn of 1918, where he 

 commanded the Polish contingent. 

 In April, 1919, he took the latter to 

 Poland to oppose the Bolshevist 

 invasion. See Poland. 



Halley, EDMUND (1656-1712). 

 English astronomer. Born in Lon- 

 don, Oct. 29, 1650, the son of a 

 soap boiler, he 

 was educated 

 at S. Paul's 

 School, where 

 he disting- 

 uished himself 

 in mathe- 

 matics and 

 classics. At 

 17 he p r o- 

 ceeded to Ox- 

 ford, and at 

 20 he sailed 



for St. Helena From portrait belong- 



to determine in lo lhe Koyal Soeiel 

 the positions of the fixed stars of 

 the S. hemisphere. Completing his 

 map in 1677, he was made a fellow 

 of the Royal Society the following 

 year. In 1679 and the following 

 years he travelled extensively on 

 the Continent, and in Paris made 

 the first observations of the comet 

 named after him, the return of 

 which he afterwards predicted. 



In 1684 he made the acquaint- 

 ance of Newton and discussed with 

 him the latter's investigations on 

 gravitation, investigations upon 

 which Halley himself had indepen- 

 dently been engaged. The astrono- 

 mer at once realized the great 

 importance of Newton's work, and 

 took a leading part in the publica- 

 tion of the Principia. In the follow- 

 ing years he carried out a series of 

 important investigations on trade 

 winds and on the magnetism of 

 the earth. His ideas on the latter 



were so greatly in advance of his 

 time that it was not until 1811 that 

 they were properly appreciated. 



In 1705 Halley published his re- 

 sults on the movements of comets. 

 Appointed astronomer royal at 

 Greenwich on the death of Flam- 

 steed, he made a study of the 

 motion of the moon, advocated the 

 method of calculating the distance 

 of the sun by measurements of the 

 transit of Venus, and detected in- 

 equalities in the motions of Saturn 

 and Jupiter. He died at Green- 

 wich, Jan. 14, 1742. 



Halley's Comet. The most 

 notable of all the comets whose per- 

 iods are known. It takes 76 years 

 (approximately) to travel round its 

 orbit, which is a very elongated 

 ellipse with one extremity beyond 

 the path of the planet Neptune. 

 At its return, in 1682, it was ob- 

 served by Flamsteed, Halley, and 

 Hevelius. Halley computed its 

 orbit and found that it was identi- 

 cal with the comet that had ap- 

 peared in 1607 and before that in 

 1531 ; and he predicted its return 

 in 1757. He did not live to see his 

 prediction fulfilled, but his comet 

 duly returned nearly two years 

 late on account of disturbances 

 from its path by the planets. Its 

 next return in 1835 was computed 

 by a number of astronomers. In 

 1910 its reappearance was chiefly 

 remarkable for the accuracy of the 

 calculations of P. II . Cowell and 

 A. C. D. Crommelin of Greenwich 

 Observatory for the dates of the 

 comet's appearance, path, and 

 perihelion passage. Its perihelion 

 passage was computed as likely to 

 occur on April 17th, 1910. The date 

 was April 19th. 



Crommelin in a detailed study of 

 previous appearances- of the comet 

 carried back its history with defin- 

 iteness to 240 B.C. The other ap- 

 pearances were recorded in 87 B.C., 

 11 B.C., and in A.D. 66, 141, 989, 

 1066, in which connexion it is de- 

 picted on the Bayeux Tapestry, 

 1145, 1223, 1301, 1378, 1456, 1531, 

 1607, 1682, 1759, and 1835. See 

 Comet, 



Halliburton, WILLIAM DOBIN- 

 SON (b. 1860). British physiologist. 

 He was born in London, June 21, 

 1860, studied at London University, 

 and in 1889 

 was appointed 

 professor of 

 physiology at 

 King's College, 

 London. Mem- 

 ber of the 

 Council of 

 the Royal 

 Society, 1898- 



}lo?'u and 

 1903-4, he was 



president of the 



W. D. Halliburton, 

 British physiologist 



physiological section of the British 

 Association in 1902. His principal 

 publications are : Text Book of 

 Chemical Physiology and Path- 

 ology, 1891 : Essentials of Chemical 

 Physiology, new ed. 1919; Hand- 

 book of Physiology, 14th ed., 1919. 

 HalliweU-Philiipps, JAMES OR- 

 CHARD (1820-89). British Shake- 

 spearean scholar. He was born 

 at Chelsea, 

 I June 2 1,1820, 

 \ and educated 

 H ' at Jesus Col- 

 1 lege, Cam- 

 Jl J~ I bridge. The 



name Phil- 

 lipps (which 

 was that of 

 his first wife) 

 J. 0. Halliwell-Phil- was added in 

 lipps, British scholar 1872 . At first 

 devoting himself to earlier English 

 literature generally, he eventually 

 confined himself to Shakespeare, 

 editing and annotating the texts 

 in 16 folio volumes, and in 1881 

 publishing his Outlines of the Life 

 of Shakespeare, which reached its 

 8th edition in 1889. He died near 

 Brighton, Jan. 3, 1889. 



Hall Land. Division of N.W. 

 Greenland. It lies N. of Washington 

 Land and S.W. of Peary Channel. 

 On the N. it faces Lincoln Sea, 

 and on the W. Robeson Channel 

 separates it from Grant Land. It 

 lies about lat. 82 N. 



Hall Mark. Set of marks 

 stamped upon gold and silver 

 articles at the Goldsmiths' Hall, 

 London, or assay offices, to attest 

 the genuineness of the metal and 

 the date of its testing. The series 

 consists usually of five marks: 

 (1) the standard mark, indicating 

 the standard of the metal, e.g. 

 18 for gold of 18 carats; (2) the 

 hall mark, indicating the town 

 where the assaying has been done, 

 e.g. a leopard's head crowned for 

 London, an anchor for Birming- 

 ham ; (3) the duty mark (used 

 1784-1890), showing that the 

 necessary duty had been paid; 

 (4) the date mark, a letter of the 

 alphabet for each year, varying in 

 design in cycles ; (5) the maker's 

 mark, now his initial letters, though 

 early pieces have sometimes em- 

 blems, as a rose or a star. The 

 assay offices are at London, Bir- 

 mingham, Chester and Sheffield, 

 Edinburgh and Glasgow, and 

 Dublin. The York office was 

 closed in 1856, Exeter in 1882, 

 and Newcastle in 1886. 



One of the earliest ordinances in 

 connexion with testing the amount 

 of alloy in gold and silver was that 

 of Henry III in 1238. The privilege 

 of assaying was granted to the 

 Goldsmiths' Company by Edward I 

 in 1300 ; Edward III in 1327 



