HALLOW-E'EN 



3798 



HALLSTATT 



STANDARD 



300-1657 



1697 TO 17x0 



.Since 1822 



1784 



n> 1890 



l6 9 7 



6 



1700 



ff 



1705 



1706 



e 



4> 



f 



1710 



(B 



1715- 



London Hall Marks, 

 from 1300 to present day 



Method of 

 Stamping 



London Date Marks, 

 1697-1715 



York (closed 1856) 



Exeter (closed 1882) Newcastle (closed 1886) 



Chester 



Edinburgh 



Glasgow 



Dublin 



Birmingham 



Sheffield 



Hall Marks. On silverware these consist of the maker's initials, the standard 

 marks of the assay office, and date stamp. Until 1890, the duty stamp was 

 also added. Date stamps run in cycles of 20 years, represented by the first 

 20 letters of the alphabet, less j. Standard marks of the provincial offices, 

 both closed and active, are given above, in addition to the London hall marks. 

 In the series 1736-55, the date shield was changed after 1737 



All the above are reproduced by permigtionfrom The Silver and Sheffield Plate Collector, 

 published by Herbert Jenkins, Ltd., fork Street, St. James's, London 



enjoined them to place on the tested 

 metal a " stamp of a puncheon of 

 a lion's head." Numerous other 

 orders, regulations, etc., include 

 those of Henry VII, 1504, 

 Elizabeth, 1597, and William III, 

 1697-8. The first Scottish edict on 

 such marks is that of James II, 

 1457, and in Ireland a charter of 

 Charles I gave the rights to the 

 Corporation of Goldsmiths of 

 Dublin in 1638. Counterfeiting, 

 etc., of hall marks is a felony. 

 See Assaying ; Goldsmiths' Com- 

 pany : consult also Hall Marks on 

 Plate, W. Chaffers, 7th ed. 1891 ; 

 Old English Plate, Wilfred Cripps, 

 nev.ed. 1901 , English Goldsmiths 

 and Their Marks, C. J. Jackson, 

 1905; The Silver and Sheffield 

 Plate Collector, W. A. Young, 1919. 



Hallow-e'en. Popular Scottish 

 name for Oct. 31, the eve of All 

 Saints Day. Also called All Hal- 

 lows E ve,Holy Eve, - 

 Cake Night (in 

 Yorkshire), and, in 

 the N. of England, 

 Nutcrack Night, 

 from early times it 

 has been associated 

 with many super- 

 stitions and cus- 

 toms, a number of 

 which are referred 

 to in Burns's poem 

 of this name. 

 Hallow-e'en is sup- 

 posed to be a sur- 

 vival from the 

 ancient festival of 

 Pomona, the 



Roman goddess of fruit trees. 

 Apples and nuts play a large part 

 in the pastimes indulged in, the 

 nuts being used for purposes of 

 divination. There still lingers a 

 belief that children born on Hallow- 

 e'en possess supernatural gifts. 



Hall Peninsula. Projection on 

 the S.E. of Baffin Island between 

 Cumberland and Meta Incognita 

 peninsulas, divided from the latter 

 by Frobisher Bay. 



Hallstatt. Village of Austria, in 

 Upper Austria. It lies at the S. end 

 of Hallstatter See, at a height of 

 over 1,600 ft., 37 m. S.E. of 

 Salzburg. It is famous for its salt 

 mine. The church has a 15th cen- 

 tury altar of carved wood, and 

 there is a museum with Celtic and 

 other antiquities. Pop. 800. 



In the vicinity a cemetery of 

 3,000 graves, discovered 1846, 

 contained the human remains and 

 grave-goods of prehistoric settlers. 

 They worked the neighbouring 

 salt deposits, tended cattle, prac- 

 tised agriculture, and benefited by 

 the commercial intercourse along 

 the amber route between the 

 Baltic and the Adriatic. The 

 presence 40 m. away of the famous 

 Noricum mines enabled them to 

 develop the use of iron instead of 

 bronze. The settlement according- 

 ly gives its name to the first period 

 of Iron Age culture, divisible into 

 early Hallstattian (850-600 B.C.), 

 with a gradual transition from 

 bronze ; and late Hallstattian 

 (600-400 B.C.), with a fuller use of 

 iron, and much Oriental influence. 



Among 5,816 objects from the 

 earlier excavations (1847-64), 64 

 were gold, 3,574 bronze, 593 iron, 

 270 amber. The Noric iron needed 

 no tempering ; its exploitation 

 was effected in four stages for 

 ornamenting bronze, edging bronze 

 tools and weapons, imitating 

 bronze types, and developing new 

 types in iron. Bronze buckets, 

 painted pottery, Phoenician glass, 

 ivory, gold-thread embroidery, and 

 fibulae mark a high standard of 

 luxury and taste. 



Hallstatt, Austria. The village on the shore the 

 Hallstatter See 



