HALL-STROM 



3799 



HALO 



Halls trom, PER AUGUST LEON- 

 ARD (b. 1866). Swedish author. 

 Born in Stockholm, Sept. 29, 

 1866, after finishing his training as 

 a civil engineer in 1886, he spent a 

 couple of years in America doing 

 chemical work. His first publica- 

 tion was a book of poems, 1891, 

 but his proper medium was prose, 

 and he wrote a number of novels 

 and short stories of great charm, 

 among them Wild Birds, 1894 ; 

 Purple, 1895 ; An Old Story, 1895 ; 

 The Diamond Ornament, 1896 ; 

 Spring, a Novel of the Nineties, 

 1898. His style is somewhat in- 

 volved, but full of individuality ; 

 and his rich imagination and keen 

 sympathetic insight into modern 

 life and problems won for him a 

 large circle of readers, both in 

 Sweden and abroad. 



Hallucination (Lat. hollucinari, 

 to wander in mind). Condition of 

 mind in which a person sees some- 

 thing that has no real existence 

 within his range of vision. It 

 should be carefully distinguished 

 from illusion, in which a real object 

 is seen, but is wrongly interpreted. 

 Thus, seeing a ghost when nothing 

 is there is hallucination ; but mis- 

 taking a tombstone in the dusk for 

 a ghost is illusion. 



Hallucination is unquestionably 

 subjective : i.e. the object seen 

 only exists in the mind of the 

 person seeing it. In normal vision 

 the rays of light impinging on the 

 retina of the eye produce an im- 

 pression which is conveyed to the 

 brain by the optic nerves, and a 

 mental image is thus formed of the 

 object from which the rays of light 

 proceed. It is easy to produce this 

 mental image without the action 

 of the eye. This may be done quite 

 unconsciously when the thoughts 

 are abstracted, and the mental 

 image may be so vivid that the 

 person believes he actually sees the 

 object. See Apparition ; Dream. 



Kalinin. Town of France. Jt 

 stands on the Lys, 13 m. N.N.W. of 

 Lille, in the dept. of Nord, being on 

 the Belgian frontier. An old place, 

 it was once the seat of a noted 

 family It has an interesting 

 church. The chief industries are 

 the manufacture of textiles, and 

 there are also distilleries and iron- 

 foundries. During 1914-18 the 

 town was in the occupation of the 

 Germans. Pop. 16,600. 



Halma (Gr., leap). GamepJayed 

 by two or four persons on a board 

 divided into 256 squares, with men 

 in the form of chess pawns. The 

 men are placed in four spaces, 

 termed yards, one at each corner 

 of the board, and the object of the 

 player is to get his own men into 

 his adversary's yard, the player or 

 side first accomplishing this win- 



ning the game. Moves are made by 

 the step, a move of one square in 

 any direction ; and by the hop, 

 in which a piece may jump over 

 any other piece of its own or any 

 other colour in any direction, and 

 may continue so doing, provided 

 there is a vacant square for it next 

 to the piece hopped over. With two 

 players, each has 19 men coloured 

 black and white respectively. In 

 the four-handed game, each player 

 has 13 men only, the colours being 

 white, black, red, and green. 

 Sometimes four persons play in 

 partnerships of two. 



Halmahera. Alternative name 

 for the island in the Malay Archi- 

 pelago better known as Gilolo (q.v. ). 



Halmstad. Seaport town of 

 Sweden, capital of the govt. of 

 Halland. It stands on the Katte- 

 gat, 76 m. S.S.E. of Gothenburg, 

 with two harbours and a roadstead. 

 An important rly. junction, it 

 has steamer communication with 

 Copenhagen, Lubeck, and other 

 ports. The 15th century castle is 

 the residence of the provincial gov- 

 ernor, and there are a 15th century 

 church (restored) and a museum. 

 Granite, timber, paper, fish, butter, 

 oats, and potatoes from the S. of 

 Sweden are exported. There are 

 shipbuilding yards, cloth, flour, 

 jute and saw mills, sugar refineries, 

 and breweries. In the vicinity are 

 mineral and sea-water baths. Here, 

 in 1676, Charles XI defeated the 

 Danes. Pop. 18,297. 



Halo. Luminous ring round the 

 sun or moon. Halos, when clearly 

 defined, are seen to be coloured, 



Halo round the sun caused by ice 

 crystals in high clouds 



red on the inside and blue on the 

 outside. Usually about 44 in 

 diameter, they ars due to the sun 

 or moon being seen through a thin 

 sheet of cirro-stratus clouds, which 

 owing to their elevation are com- 

 posed of tiny ice crystals. It is 

 the bending or refraction of the 

 light when passing through these 

 ice crystals that causes the halo. 

 In polar regions, where ice crystals 

 are usually present in the air, very 

 brilliant halos are common. De- 

 spite popular belief to the contrary, 

 halos have no definitely determined 

 significance in connexion with the 

 weather. The word is derived 

 from Gr. holds, threshing-floor, a 

 space circular in form, round 

 which the oxen trod. 



Halo OR NIMBUS. In art, a disk 

 or circle of light surrounding the 

 head in representations of divine 

 personages and saints in sacred 



Halo as depicted by famous artists: 1. Fra Angelico, 1387-1455. :.'. 



Botticelli, 1444-1510. 3. Raphael, 1483-1520. 4. Raphael. 5. Dore and 



later pictures. 6. Raphael, the floating halo 



