3813 



HAMMER-HEADED SHARK 



Mortified at what he considered 

 the lack of recognition of the part 

 he played at the battle of Tel-el- 

 Kebir, he issued a special report on 

 the operations, supplemented by a 

 magazine article. Public sympathy 

 was on his side, and he was made 

 a K.C.B., but no further official 

 employment was given him. He 

 sat in Parliament as a Conservative 

 from 1886-92. Hamley's writings 

 include The War in the Crimea, 

 1855, and contributions to Black- 

 wood's and Fraser's Magazines. He 

 died in London, Aug. 12, 1893. 



Hamlin, HANNIBAL (1809-91). 

 American statesman. Born at 

 Paris Hill, Maine, Aug. 27, 1809, 

 h e practised 

 for some years 

 as a 1 a w y e r. 

 From 1835-40 

 he was connect- 

 ed with the 

 legislature of 

 his state, of 

 which he was 

 governor in 

 Hannibal Hamlin, 1857. Member 

 American statesman o f Congress, 

 1843-47, he took up a strong a,nti- 

 slavery attitude, and introduced 

 the Wilmot Proviso prohibiting 

 slavery in Mexican territory. He 

 was a senator, 1848-61 and 1869- 

 81, and in 1854 left the Democrats 

 owing to their attitude towards 

 slavery, and joined the new Re- 

 publican party, with the founda- 

 tion of which he had much to do. 

 He was vice president of the 

 U.S.A., 1861-65, and minister to 

 Spain, 1881-83. He died at Bangor, 

 Maine, July 4, 1891. See Life, C. E. 

 Hamlin, 1899. 



Hamm. Town of Germany. Jt 

 stands on the Lippe, 19 m. from 

 Dortmund, in the Prussian prov. 

 of Westphalia. Standing on the 

 Westphalian coalfield, it is an in- 

 dustrial centre, with manufactures 

 of machinery, iron, and varieties of 

 iron goods, also gloves, leather, 

 and chemicals. There are several 

 churches, one dating from the 13th 

 and another from the 16th cen- 

 tury. The town has a service of 

 electric tramways. A mile away 

 are some thermal baths visited by 

 invalids and others. Hamm be- 

 longed in the Middle Ages to the 

 Hanseatic League. In 1666 it 

 passed, with the county of Mark, 

 of which it was the capital, to 

 Brandenburg, and thus to Prussia. 

 It was then a fortified town which 

 had undergone several sieges, while 

 in the Seven Years' War it was at- 

 tacked by the French. Pop. 43,700. 

 Hammamet. blulf and town 

 of Tunisia, on the N.E. coast. The 

 town is situated on the gulf, 40 m. 

 by rly. S.E. of Tunis, and is a 

 popular bathing resort. Pop. 3,200. 



Hammann, OTTO (b. 1852). 

 German publicity agent. Born at 

 Blankenham, Weimar, Jan. 23, 

 1852, and educated at Leipzig, 

 Heidelberg, and Jena, he served as 

 an officer in the German army and 

 then took up journalism. Intro- 

 duced to the Gorman Foreign 

 Office by Caprivi, he became its 

 Press director, and wielded much 

 power in the interests of the war- 

 party. In 1917 he assumed con- 

 trol of the Transocean News 

 Agency for pro-German propa- 

 ganda in foreign countries. 



Hamme. Town of Belgium. 

 In the prov. of E. Flanders, it 

 stands on the Durme, 13 m. E. of 

 Ghent. It has textile manufactures, 

 including lace and linen, while 

 other industries are flour mills and 

 oil mills. Pop. 14,200. 



Hammer. Tool, consisting of a 

 heavy head of metal usually fixed 

 on a shaft of wood, and used for 

 striking blows. Hammers vary 

 in size from small hand hammers, 

 weighing only a few ounces, to wegian shores 

 giant power hammers weighing in lat. 70 40' 

 many tons. In hand hammers the 

 shaft is usually of ash or hickory. 

 The striking part of the iron or steel 

 head is called the face, the oppo- 



ment indulged in by Henry VIII. 

 The conditions governing modern 

 hammer throwing require the per- 

 former to throw from inside a 

 circle of 7 ft. in diameter, within 

 which he must remain after having 

 hurled the hammer. The ham- 

 mer must weigh 16 Ib. and not 

 exceed 4 ft. in length. The head 

 and handle may be of any shape, 

 size or material. Under these con- 

 ditions J. J. Flanagan made a 

 throw of 170 ft. 4J ins. at the 

 London Stadium on July 17, 1908. 

 The American hammer consists of 

 a steel wire handle with two loops 

 for the hands, joined to the head 

 by a ball-bearing swivel. 



Hammerfest. Town of Nor- 

 way, in the fylke or county of Fin- 

 mark. The most northerly town 

 in the world, it 

 stands on the 

 W. coast of 

 Kvalo island, 

 which lies off 

 the N.W. Nor- 



site end the peen.- The latter is 



often split and 



curved to enable 



nails to be with- 



drawn. 



In many ham- g!S N B^TpHT>^iii.j 

 mers, e.g. a coal- 

 breaking h a m - 

 mer, there are two 

 faces which may 

 be used indif- 

 ferently. In 

 masonry a mash 

 hammer has a 

 short handle and 

 heavy head for 

 use with chisels; 

 a scabbling ham- 

 mer has one end 

 pointed for use on hard stone 

 and the patent hammer is one used 

 for granite and other hard rocks, 



N., 675 m. by 

 sea N.E. o'f 

 Trondh j em. 

 Timber - built, 

 the town 



Hammerfest, Norway. General view of the town and 



harbour. Top, right, the Meridian Column on Bird's 



Cape, marking the end of the meridian arc accurately 



measured, 1816-52 



suffered severely from a con- 

 flagration, July 21, 1890, after 

 which the town hall, churches, and 



the head consisting of a number schools were all rebuilt. There is a 



good harbour, which is the base of 

 the Spitsbergen and Kara Sea whale 

 fisheries. Cod-liver oil, train oil, 

 salt fish, reindeer hides, fox skins, 

 and eiderdown are exported, and 

 a large trade is carried on with 

 Archangel. Here the sun does not 

 set from May 13 to July 29, and 

 does not rise from Nov. 18 to 

 Jan. 23. Pop. 2..709. 



Hammer-headed Shark (Zy- 

 yaena). Name given to a genus of 

 fishes belonging to the shark 

 family, but differing much in ap- 

 pearance from the true sharks. 

 They include five species, and 

 have the sides of the head expanded 

 so as to resemble a hammer when 



of plates with sharpened 

 bolted together. 



The word hammer is widely 

 used for any part of a mechanism 

 which strikes, as the hammer of a 

 gun, the hammers in the action of 

 a pianoforte, etc., as well as for 

 objects that are hammer shaped. 

 See Steam Hammer. 



Hammer, THROWING THE. 

 Branch of field athletics. It is of 

 very ancient date and probably of 

 Celtic origin, as it has been for 

 centuries a favourite pastime in 

 Scotland and Ireland. Under the 

 term casting the bar, it was a 

 popular feature of rural sports in 

 England, being a form of amuse- 



