HAMMER TOE 



3815 



HAMMURABI CODE 



Oscar iiammerstein, 

 American impresario 



Philadelphia, 

 and in 1911 the 

 London Opera 

 House. After 

 the failure of 

 the latter he 

 returned to the 

 U.S.A., and 

 died in New 

 York, Aug. 1, 

 1919. 

 Condition in 



Hammer Toe. 



which the first phalanx of the toe 

 is bent upwards, and the second 

 phalanx downwards, the third or 

 terminal phalanx being bent either 

 downwards or upwards. The result 

 is that the base of the toe presses 

 upwards against the top of the 

 boot, and the person walks on the 

 extremity of the toe or even on 

 the nail, the shape of the toe thus 

 coming to resemble somewhat the 

 head of a ha.mmer. An operation 

 involving removal of part of the toe 

 is usually required. 



Hammerton, JOHN ALEXANDER 

 (b. 1871). British editor and 

 writer. Born at Alexandria in the 

 parish of Bonhill, Dumbartonshire, 

 of Anglo-Scottish parentage, he 

 took to journalism in Glasgow, 

 1888, and edited newspapers at 

 Blackpool, Nottingham, and Bir- 

 mingham before settling in London 

 as a writer and editor of books and 

 periodicals, 1900. His name is 

 associated as editor with many 

 noteworthy publishing enterprises, 

 such as The Punch Library of 

 Humour, 1907 ; Harmsworth His- 

 tory of the World, 1909; The 

 Great War, in thirteen volumes, 

 1914-19 ; Harmsworth's New Atlas 

 of the World, 1920, and Harms- 

 worth's Universal Encyclopedia. 

 He spent nearly two years, 1912- 

 13, in Spanish America as managing 

 editor of El Diecionario Enciclo- 

 pedico Hispano-Americano, and 

 his impressions of the Argentine and 

 Uruguay are given in The Argen- 

 tine Through English Eyes, 1917. 

 Among his many writings in 

 literary criticism and biography 

 Stevensoniana, 1903, and George 

 Meredith in Anecdote and Criti- 

 cism, 1909, may be mentioned. 



Hammock (Span, hamaca). 

 Swinging bed of netting, canvas, 

 fibre, skins, etc., suspended at 





Hammock of the type used in the British navy 



each end to supports. On ship- 

 board, and particularly on war- 

 ships, the hammocks are made of 

 canvas, and in the old days of 

 sailing vessels they were folded and 

 stowed along the bulwarks to give 

 some protection from the enemy's 

 fire. The word is thought to have 

 been derived from the fact that the 

 natives of Brazil used the bark of 

 the Hamack tree for nets in which 

 to sleep. 



Hammond. City of Indiana, 

 U.S.A., in Lake co. It stands on 

 the Grand Calumet river, 21 m. 

 S.S.E. of Chicago, and is served by 

 the Erie and several other rlys. 

 The industries include slaughter- 

 ing, packing, and canning, printing, 

 and the manufacture of chemicals, 

 bricks, starch, iron and steel, ma- 

 chinery, and carriages. Hammond 

 was settled in 1869, and incor- 

 porated in 1883. Pop. 26,000. 



Hammond, JOHN HAYS (b. 

 1855). Mining engineer. Born at 

 San Francisco, March 31, 1855, 

 h e w a s edu- 

 | cated at Shef- 

 \ field Scientific 

 School, Yale, 

 and in 1880 

 was appointed 

 to the U.S. 

 geological sur- 

 vey of the Cali- 

 f o r n i a n gold 

 fields. One of 

 the leaders of 

 the reform 

 movement in the Transvaal, he 

 disapproved of the Jameson Raid, 

 but after its failure was never- 

 theless sentenced to death. This 

 sentence was commuted to 15 

 years' imprisonment and later to 

 a fine. Retiring to England and 

 thence to America, he interested 

 himself in mining and development 

 schemes. He attended the corona- 

 tion of George V as representative 

 of the president of the U.S.A. 



Hammurabi, KHAMMURABI OR 

 HAMMURAPI. King of Babylon 

 about 2100 B.C. Identifiable with 

 Amraphel, king of Shinar (Gen. 14), 

 a British Museum stele portravs 

 him as a bearded Semite. Sixth 

 and greatest monarch of the first 

 dynasty of Babylon, he established 

 its supremacy over the city states 

 of Sumer and Ak- 

 kad. besides sub- 

 duing Elam. He 

 reigned for 43 

 years, and en- 

 gaged in building 

 and irrigation 

 works. His letters 

 illuminate the 

 political and eco- 

 nomic conditions 

 of his age. See 

 Babylonia. 



J. Hays Hammond, 

 Mining engineer 



Hammurabi Code. Bodv of 

 laws codified by Hammurabi, king 

 of Babylon. It wan inscribed upon 

 a black diorite stele for the temple 

 of the sun-god Shamash at Sippara. 

 and carried thence by Shutruk- 

 Nakhkhunte of Elam, "about 1200 

 B.C., to Susa. J. de Morgan found it 

 there in three fragments, 1901-2, 

 and it is now in Paris. The block, 

 7 ft. 3 ins. high, tapering from 6 ft. 



Hammurabi Code. Stone inscribed with 

 the code, now in the Louvre, Paris 



2 ins. to 5 ft. 4 ins. round, is sur- 

 mounted by a sculptured relief re- 

 presenting Shamash delivering the 

 code to Hammurabi. Incised on 

 front and back were about 8,000 

 words in Semitic cuneiform. 



A portion chiselled out by its 

 Elamite captor is partly recover- 

 able from fragmentary copies pre- 

 viously found in Ashurbanipal's 

 Nineveh library, whence the code 

 was known before its authentic 

 original came to light. 



The 282 extant section? comprise 

 enactments pertaining to witch- 

 craft, false judgement, licensing 

 laws, assault, desertion : marriage, 

 divorce, dowry, inheritance, adop- 

 tion ; contracts, debts ; tenancy, 

 distraint, agricultural rent ; rights 

 OF orphans and widows ; regulation 

 of boat-building, river-traffic, and 



