HANGARD 



3823 



HANKAU 



Hangard. Village of France, in 

 the dept. of Somme. It is U m. E. 

 of Domart, and was the scene of 

 heavy fighting, April 4-5, in the 

 German offensive of 1918. The 

 wood,' which is 1 m. north of the 

 village, was entered by the Germans 

 on April 5, which carried them to 

 within 9 m. of Amiens, the nearest 

 they approached to that important 

 centre in this year. The British 

 offensive of Aug. 8, 1918, which 

 freed Amiens, recovered Hangard 

 Wood. See Amiens, Battle of. 



Hang-chow OR HANO CHAU. 

 Treaty port and town of China, 

 capital of Che-kiang prov. It is on 



Hang-chow, China. The old Kate in 

 the Tsien-tang river, and was 

 opened to foreign trade in 189(3. 

 It is 118 m. S. of Shanghai, with 

 which it is connected by rly. and 

 waterways. The tide in Hang- 

 chow bay, at the mouth of the 

 Tsien-tang river, forms a bore 

 twice daily, varying in height from 

 a few feet to 15 ft. or 20 ft. (at times 

 even 30) at the equinoxes. Pop. 

 594,000, and about 200 foreigners. 



Hang-chow Bay. Large inlet of 

 the E. China Sea, indenting the 

 shore of the prov. of Che-kiang. It 

 penetrates inland for about 1 10 m. 

 and receives the waters of the 

 Tsien-tang Kiang, on which, 20 m. 

 from its mouth, stands the port of 

 Hang-chow. At its entrance, be- 

 tween Cape Yang-tse on the N. 

 and the island of Chusan on the 

 S., the distance is 52 m. 



Hanging. Death from constric- 

 tion of the neck, the constricting 

 force being the weight of the body. 

 In modern judicial hanging, in 

 which a long drop is allowed, death 

 is practically instantaneous, being 

 due to fracture or dislocation of the 

 upper cervical vertebrae which 

 produces compression or rupture of 

 the spinal cord (breaking the neck). 

 In the old form of execution, which 

 was practised at Tyburn, the noose 

 was placed round the neck of the 

 condemned person while standing 

 on a cart, which was then driven 

 away from beneath him. In this 

 case, and in most suicidal hangings, 



death is due partly to asphyxia and 



partly to arrest of the circulation in 



the brain by compression of the 



large blood-vessels in the neck. 



Hanging is the method of com- 

 mitting suicide most frequently 



adopted by males, but is less com- 

 mon among females. 



In 1918 the number of suicides in 



England and Wales from hanging 



was 616 (males 462, females 154). 



Accidental death from "hanging is 



rare, but occasionally persons 



working among ropes have become 



entangled and killed. Murder by 



hanging is almost unknown, but 



several instances are recorded of 

 a murderer sus- 

 pending the body 

 of his victim after 

 death in order to 

 suggest suicide. 

 See Capital Punish- 

 ment ; Execution. 

 Hanging Gar- 

 dens of Babylon. 

 One of the seven 

 wonders of the 

 ancient world. 

 Situated within 

 the confines of the 

 palace of Nebu- 

 chadrezzar, they 

 occupied a space 

 the city walls o f some four 



acres, and were in a series of 



terraces, resting on arches and 



rising to 300 ft. above the level of 



the plain. They contained a pro- 

 fusion of the choicest flowers, 



groves of trees, secluded arbours, 



and banqueting halls, and were 



watered from a reservoir at the 



highest point in direct artificial 



connexion with the Euphrates. The 



gardens were probably laid out by 



Nebuchadrezzar, though other 



traditions associate them with 



Semiramis. See Babylon. 



Hanging Valley. Tributary 



valley leading to an over-deepened 



main vailey. Many valleys in 



mountainous districts have been 



considerably deepened below the 



level of the side valleys. The rivers 



of these tributary or hanging 



valleys descend to* ....... 



the main stream 



by waterfalls. Geo- _^^^^^^^ 



logists differ as to jgjggg 



the cause which 



deepened the main 



valley, but the 



general belief is 



that they were pro- 

 duced by glacial 



erosion, and this 



is supported by the 



fact that they are es - 



pecially numerous 



in glaciated regions. 



Some hanging val- 

 leys still contain 



glaciers. See Fiord. Hankau. The native quarter of the Chine* treaty port 



Hangnest. Popular name for a 

 large group of American birds 

 (Icteridae) known also as troupials. 

 Related to the starlings, they take 

 their name from the curious nests 

 they construct. These are closely 

 woven of grass and hair, are rather 

 purselike in shape, often 2 ft. long, 

 with the entrance near the bottom, 

 and hang from the slender branches 

 of trees. As many as 40 of these nests 

 have been found in a single tree. 



Hans 6 (Finnish Hankoriemi). 

 Fortified port in Finland. 1 1 is on the 

 peninsula Hango-Udd, at the entry 

 to the Gulf of Finland, and the ter- 

 minus of the coast rly. from Petro- 

 grad. The harbour is safe, and 

 there is a good shipping trade. The 

 chief exports are butter, timber, 

 and paper. The sea baths are 

 much patronised. Pop. 4,000. 



Hank. Standard measure of 

 length ; also a convenient form in 

 which to put up yarns for transit. 

 Thread is wound off a bobbin round 

 the arms of a reel. Eighty wraps 

 round the IJ-yard reel used in 

 cotton yarn represent one lea or 

 120 yds. Seven leas equal 840 yds., 

 or one cotton hank. For measuring 

 worsted yarns the reel has a cir- 

 cumference of one yard ; the 

 worsted lea is thus 80 yds., and the 

 worsted hank 560 yds., or one- 

 third less than cotton. The linen 

 lea is 300 yds., and the spun silk 

 hank is of the same length as cotton. 



The hank is in effect a large skein 

 and after being measured it is tied 

 with a thread which separates lea 

 from lea and holds the end of the 

 thread. The hank is knotted for 

 convenience by being twisted and 

 folded back up"on itself. The hanks 

 are then bundled into neat pack- 

 ages normally of 10 ib. weight. 

 See Cotton. 



Hankau. Treaty port of China, 

 in Hu peh prov. It is situated on 

 the left bank of the Yang-fse, 600 m. 

 from tne mouth, at the junction of 

 the Han river. Founded during the 

 Ming dynasty, it was left in ruins 

 by the Taiping Rebellion (1853- 

 60), but was opened to foreign 



