HANNINGTON 



3825 



HANNYNGTON 



Romans had the ascendancy by 

 sea, so that he was in effect cut 

 off from both the Spanish and 

 African bases. In the spring of 217 

 he pushed southwards, ambushed 

 the great army of the Roman 

 general Flaminius, and annihilated 

 it at the battle of Lake Trasimenus. 

 Failing to force a general engage- 

 ment upon the new Roman com- 

 mander Fabius Maximus, he suc- 

 ceeded in passing by him and 

 penetrating into Southern Italy. 

 There, in 216, he beguiled a third 

 Roman commander with an army 

 of 90,000 men into fighting a 

 pitched battle at Cannae in Apulia. 

 This army was also annihilated, 

 with the political effect of bringing 

 over the S. Italians to Hannibal's 

 side. The fact that he was still un- 

 able to besiege and capture Rome, 

 but wintered at Capua instead of 

 making the attempt, demonstrates 

 the desperate character of his task. 



From this time, while his ascen- 

 dancy in the field was never 

 broken, he was always struggling 

 with diminishing resources against 

 an inexhaustible adversary. Han- 

 nibal, like Frederick the Great in 

 the Seven Years' War, might 

 strike and strike again, but his 

 blows could do no more than pre- 

 serve his own army from destruc- 

 tion. At last, in 207, the Cartha- 

 ginians threw another army under 

 Hasdrubal into Northern Italy. 

 Could he have effected a junction 

 with Hannibal, the tide might 

 have been turned ; but while 

 Hannibal was being contained in 

 the S., the Roman general Nero, 

 by a brilliant march, brought 

 Hasdrubal's advancing army to 

 action on the Metaurus and de- 

 stroyed it. The battle was decisive. 

 Hannibal remained on the defen- 

 sive in the S., while the Romans 

 crushed the Carthaginian power in 

 Spain and in Sicily, and prepared 

 a great expedition against Car- 

 thage itself. 



Thither Hannibal was recalled 

 in 203. But though he was placed 

 in command, he was not, as in 

 Italy, in effective control of 

 veteran troops > 'who knew and 

 trusted him. The Carthaginian 

 army was crushed at the battle of 

 Zama, 202, and in the following 

 year Rome dictated terms of 

 peace. Hannibal then retired from 

 Carthage, where he was made 

 powerless by the jealousy of the 

 oligarchical government, and with- 

 drew to Bithynia in Asia Minor, 

 whence he urged the enemies of 

 Rome to make war upon her. At 

 last, in 183, finding that his pro- 

 tector Prusias could not resist the 

 Roman demands for the surrender 

 of his person, he took poison. So 

 perished the great soldier who as a 



Hannibal, Carthaginian soldier 



From a bust found at Capua. Naples Museum 



military genius stands beside 

 Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, 

 Marlborough, and Napoleon. See 

 Carthage; Rome. A. D. innes 



Bibliography. Carthage and the 

 Carthaginians, E.. Bosworth Smith, 

 1879, new ed. 1897; Histoire d' 

 Annibal, E. Hennebert, 1870-1902 ; 

 Hannibal, F. A. Dodge, 1891, and W. 

 O'C. Morris, 1897; Hannibal and 

 the Great War between Rome and 

 Carthage, W. How, 1899. 



Hannington, JAMES (1847-85). 

 First bishop of Eastern Equatorial 

 Africa. Born at Hurstpierpoint, 

 Sussex, Sept. 3, 

 1 847, he was 

 educated at S. 

 Mary Hall, 

 Oxford. His 

 first ministerial 

 duties were 

 discharged at 

 M a r t i n h o e, 

 Devon. Aj^ear 

 later he be- 

 came curate in 

 charge of S. George's, Hurstpier- 

 point, a church built by his father. 

 Here he remained until 1882, when 

 the murder of two missionaries on 

 the Victoria Nyanza induced him 

 to offer his services to the Church 

 Missionary Society. 



Soon after his arrival in Uganda, 

 he was prostrated with fever, and 

 forced to return to England. In 

 June, 1884, he was consecrated 

 bishop of Eastern Equatorial 

 Africa. He reached Mombasa in 

 Jan., 1885. In July he started for 

 Uganda, and when almost at his 

 goal his party was suddenly at- 

 tacked by forces of King Mwanga. 

 After being imprisoned in a grass 

 hut for eight days he, with the 

 men of his caravan, was murdered, 

 Oct. 29, 1885. See Life, E. C. 

 Dawson, 1887 ; Last Journals, 

 ed. E. C. Dawson, 1888. 



Hanno. Name of several emin- 

 ent Carthaginians. Hanno, sur- 

 named the Great (c. 220 B.C.), was 



James Hannington, 

 Missionary bishop 



for 35 years the leader of the aristo- 

 cratic party at Carthage which 

 favoured peaceful relations with 

 Rome, as opposed to Hamilcar 

 Barca, Hannibal, and Hasdrubal, 

 who advocated war. About 240 

 he was governor of Libya, where 

 his oppression of the inhabitants 

 caused them to revolt, in which 

 they were supported by the Cartha- 

 ginian mercenaries. Hanno was at 

 first successful, but his inability to 

 take advantage of his victory at 

 Utica and his carelessness in with- 

 drawing his forces led to a severe 

 reverse, with the result that he was 

 superseded by Hamilcar Barca, 

 against whom he afterwards cher- 

 ished a life-long enmity. After the 

 battle of Zama he was one of the 

 Carthaginian deputies sent to ask 

 for peace. Another Hanno was a 

 navigator who lived about 500 B.C. 

 Having passed the Straits of Gib- 

 raltar, he undertook a voyage of 

 discovery along the west coast of 

 Africa, the object of which was 

 the increase of the commercial 

 prosperity of Carthage and the 

 foundation of colonies. He wrote 

 an account of his voyage, originally 

 in the Punic language, which has 

 been preserved in a Greek version, 

 entitled The Periplus (Eng. trans. 

 Thomas Falconer, 1797). Another 

 Hanno took part in the battle of 

 Cannae (216) and in later opera- 

 tions in lower Italy. 



Hannover. Name applied to 

 the aircraft produced by the Han- 

 nover Waggonfabrik A.G. (Ger- 

 many) during the Great War. The 

 machines were all biplanes, mostly 

 of the two-seater reconnaissance 

 type. One type used in 1918 had 

 the very unusual feature of a bi- 

 plane tail for a quite small single- 

 engine machine. 



Hannyngton, JOHN ARTHUR (b. 

 1868). British soldier. Born Feb. 

 26, 1868, he joined the Worcester- 

 shire Regiment 

 in June, 1889, 

 and later 

 transferred to 

 the Indian 

 army. He was 

 employed with 

 the K i n g' s 

 African Rifles, 

 1901-10. In 

 the Great War 

 he was in com- 

 mand of a 

 and, promoted 



J. A. Hannyngton, 

 British soldier 



Elliott & Fry 



brigade, 1916-17, 

 major-general, rendered distin- 

 guished service in . the campaign 

 in East Africa under Smuts. He 

 was employed in carrying out 

 independent operations, being in 

 command of the 2nd East African 

 brigade. In 1916 he had charge of 

 the encircling movement against 

 the Germans in the Rufiji area. 



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