HANOI 



3826 



HANOVER 



Hanoi. Town of Annam, capital Hanotaux, ALBERT Acr>osTE 

 ol the prov. ol Tong-king. It stands GABRIEL ( b. 1853). French historian 



on the right bank of the Song-ka or 

 Red river, about 100 m. from its 

 month in the China Sea, and since 

 1903 has been the seat ot the gov- 

 ernor-general ot French Indo- 

 Chma. The town, an agglomera- 

 tion of several villages, occupies a 

 large area. A fine rly. bridge, 

 opened in 1902, spans the river, 

 and there are extensive remains of 

 an ancient royal palace. 



The native quarter lies between 

 the citadel and the river. The 

 houses are mainly constructed of 

 wood and mud, but since the com- 

 ing of the French, many handsome 

 buildings have arisen. They in 

 "lude the official premises, muse 



and statesman He was horn at 

 Beaurevoir, 

 Aisne, Nov. 19 

 1853. An article 

 by him in La 

 Republique 

 Fransaise at- 

 tracted the 

 notice of 

 Gambetta and 

 secured him 

 an appoint- 

 ment in the 

 foreign office. 

 In 1885 be 

 held a 

 position 

 in the French legation in Constan 



urn. hospital, theatre, and various tinople. Entering political jife, 

 hotels. A school of medicine for 

 natives was opened here in 1902, 

 and together with a European col- 

 lege formed into the university of 

 Indo-China in 1917. 



The twin-towered cathedral is 

 a prominent landmark. The cita- 

 del perched on an eminence is 



Hanoi, Annam. Plan 01 tne European quartet ol tne 



city, since laOS the seat of the governor-general ol 



trench indo-Chins 



a square, 1,200 yds. to each side, 

 surrounded by a brick wall, and 

 contains many of the public build- 

 ings In the vicinity ol the city 

 is the Great Lake, on the shore of 

 which is a Buddhist temple and a 



was deputy for the Aisne, 1886-89, 

 when he became conspicuous by 

 his opposition to Boulanger. After 

 having been director of the French 

 foreign office, 1892, he was foreign 

 minister 1894-95 and 1896-98. 



Hanotaux was a firm supporter 

 of the policy that brought about the 

 Fran co- Russian 

 alliance, and ac- 

 companied Presi- 

 dent Faure on 

 nis visit to the 

 Russian capital : 

 while out of his 

 policy in Africa 

 developed the 

 Fashoda incident 

 ol 1*98. In 1897 

 he was elected a 

 memuei uf the 

 French Academy. 

 Hanotaux wrote 

 a History of the 

 War of 1914 of 

 which the ninth 

 volume appeared 

 in 1920 His other 

 works include 

 Henri Martin, 

 1885; Histuirede 

 Richelieu, 1893- 

 a,s awarded the 



1903, which 

 Gobert Pri/.e by the Academy ; 

 L'Atfaire de Madagascar, 1890 ; La 

 Semeet lesQuai?, 1901 ; Uistoirede 

 la France Con tern poraine, 1903-8. 

 Eng. trans. J. C. Tarver, 1903. etc.; 



huge image ol Buddha in bronze, and Histoire de la Troisieme Re 



The city is provided with electric ~~~' <: 



tramways, and a racecourse was 

 opened in 1890. 



An important centre of trade, 

 mostly carried on by Europeans 

 and Chinese, Hanoi has rly. con- over 

 nexion with Hai-phong. the princi- 

 pal port, and with the Chinese 

 town of Lung-chow. Manufactures 

 include inlaid and lacquer ware, 

 filigree work, mats, gold and silver 

 wire, leather articles, and embroi- 

 dery. Hanoi supplanted Saigon as states, the duchy 

 capital in 1902. Pop. est. at 150,000. of Brunswick uanover arms 



publique, 1904. 



Hanover. Name of a European 

 kingdom tnat existed from 1814 to 

 I860. It developed from an elec- 

 torate of Han- 



created in 

 1692, and this in 

 turn was pre 

 ceded by a duchy 

 o 1 Brunswick 

 Luneburg. Like 

 other German 



which dated back to about the 10th 

 century, was frequently divided 

 among members of the reigniny 

 family One such division became 

 the duchy of Brunswick- Luneburg, 

 which was divided later into Lune 

 burg-CeileandLuneburg-CaJenberg, 

 each named after its chief town. 

 The two were sometimes united, but 

 more olten were ruled separately, 

 until, in 1665, the former was under 

 George William and the latter 

 under his brother, Ernest Augustus. 



Ernest Augustus, having served 

 the emperor. Leopold 1, against the 

 Fiench, was given in 1692 the title 

 of elector of Brunswick-Liineburg. 

 and the office of standard bearer in 

 the empire. He had made Hanover 

 his capital, whence his little state 

 was also known as Hanover, and 

 that form ultimately prevailed. Its 

 enlargement was due to the mar 

 riage between his son, George I ol 

 England, and his cousin, Sophia 

 Dorothea, the heiress of Liineburg- 

 Celle, which in 1 705 George inherit- 

 ed. He had succeeded his father 

 Ernest Augustus as elector in 1698 

 and in 1714 he succeeded through 

 his mother Sophia to the throne 

 of Great Britain 



The Hanoverians fought against 

 France in the various wars of the 

 18th century, several times su Ber- 

 ing from the invader. In 1757 the 

 convention of Kloster-Zeven gave 

 up the electorate to France, but it 

 was soon regained, and the peace of 

 1763 left it intact. The Hanover- 

 ians were drawn, too, into the wars 

 against France under Napoleon, 

 and their country was more than 

 once in the power of the conqueror 



In 1814, by the congress of Vienna. 

 Hanover was constituted a king- 

 dom, and certain changes were made 

 in its area. It was then governed 

 by a king, or in his absence by 

 a statthalter, with the minister* 

 responsible to him aione, and an 

 irregular and almost powerless 

 assembly of estates. In 1S19 a 

 constitution was given to it, but 

 this was not sufficiently liberal, and 

 in 1*3.'< it gave way to a more 

 democratic one, modelled on that 

 of Great Britain a parliament ot 

 two houses and a ministry respon 

 sible to it. 



In 1837 Hanovei wa separated 

 trorn Great Britain, and Ernest 

 Augustus, duke ol Cumberland, be 

 came its kmt>. He abolished the 

 new constitution., but in 1840, 

 he was forced to concede one 

 again. He died in 1857, and 

 was succeeded by his son, George. 

 George would not accept the 

 modern ideas of government, and 

 there was consttant friction during 

 his reign. In lS<66 Hanover, n 

 member oi the German Bund, 

 decided to take the side of 



