HANSWURST 



HAPSBURG 



doors in front, with eliding 

 folding panels, lowered from the 

 roof by the driver ; the hansom 

 could thus be used open, half, or 

 totally closed. JSee Cab ; Taxicab. 

 Hanswurst. Name of the buf- 

 foon, the traditional clumsy, 

 clownish fellow of the old German 

 stage ; equivalent to the English 

 Jack Pudding. The sausages fami- 

 liarly associated with the clown in 

 the modern harlequinade may 

 have their origin in Hanswurst, 

 which means literally Jack Sausage. 

 Hanuman. Monkey god in 

 Hindu tradition, worshipped as the 

 type of a faithful servant. In the 

 Ramayana (q.v.) he is described as 

 helping Rama to rescue his wife 

 Sita from Ceylon, whither she had 

 been carried. Hanuman discovered 

 her, and with his monkey forces 

 helped to build the bridge by which 

 Rama and his army crossed from 

 the mainland to Ceylon. 



Hanway, JONAS (1712-86). Eng- 

 lish traveller and philanthropist. 

 Born at Portsmouth, Aug. 12, 1712, 

 he was first in 

 business at 

 Lisbon and 

 then at St. 

 Petersburg, 

 which latter 

 city he left, in 

 Sept. 1743, to 

 sell woollen 

 goods in Per- 

 Jonas Hanway, sia, returning, 

 English traveller a f ter man y ad- 

 ventures, Jan. 1, 1745. In 1750 he 

 returned to England and published 

 an account of his travels in 1753. 

 From 1762-83 he was a commis- 

 sioner of the victualling office. He 

 founded the Magdalen Hospital for 

 women, and was the first man to 

 use an umbrella in London. His 

 violent attack 

 on the habit 

 of tea-drink- 

 ing was an- 

 swered by Dr. 

 Johnson. He 

 died Sept. 5, 

 1786. Hanway 

 Street, Lon- 

 don, is named 

 after him. 



Hanwell. 

 Urban district 

 of Middlesex. 

 It has a sta- 

 tion on the 

 G.W. RIy., be- 

 ing 7 m. from 

 the terminus 

 at Padding - 

 t o n, while 

 tramcars also 

 Bush, 



Hanway and bis 

 umbrella 



After an old prim 



run to Shepherd's 

 Hammersmith, and else- 

 where. The urban council provides 

 a recreation ground and a public 

 library. Water is supplied by the 



Metropolitan water board, and 

 gas and electricity by companies. 

 Here is the large lunatic asylum of 

 the London County Council, and 

 cemeteries for Kensington and S. 

 George's, Hanover Square. The 

 chief church is S. Mary's. The 

 Brent flows by here on its way to 

 the Thames, and there is a canal. 

 Hanwell includes the newer district 

 of Elthorne. Pop. 19,200. 



Han worth. Parish and village 

 of Middlesex, England. Situated 

 N. of Kempton Park (q.v.), 1J m. 

 N.E. of Sunbury and 1J m. S. of 

 Feltham stations on the L. & 

 S.W.R., it is on the King's or Car- 

 dinal's river, which was made by 

 Wolsey for the supply of Hampton 

 Court. The manor, owned in the 

 13th century by the Hamdens, was 

 given by Henry VIII, who had a 

 hunting lodge here, to Catherine 

 Parr. Its later owners included 

 Anne, duchess of Somerset, William 

 Killigrew, Bradshaw the regicide, 

 the Cottingtons, and the 5th duke 

 of St. Albans, who cut down the 

 trees in the park, which was once 

 part of Hounslow Heath. Han- 

 worth House was destroyed by fire, 

 1797, and replaced by a mansion 

 m. N.E. of the old house. The 

 Early English church of S. George 

 replaced an earlier one. Pop. 2,200. 



Hanyang. City of China, in Hu- 

 peh prov. It stands at the junction 

 of the Han river with the Yangtze. 

 It is a large industrial centre : with 

 an arsenal and other engineering 

 works, but it suffered during the 

 revolution of 1911, being almost 

 completely destroyed by the con- 

 tending factions. Hanyang is the 

 oldest of the Three Cities (q.v.). 

 Pop. 100,000. 



Haparanda. Town of Sweden, 

 in the Ian or govt. of Norrbotten. 

 It stands at the head of the Gulf of 

 Bothnia, on the W. arm of the 

 river Tornea, and is connected by a 

 bridge with the town of Tornea, in 

 Finland. It has shipbuilding yards 

 and is an important meteorological 

 station. Its sea-harbour is Salmis, 

 7 m. W. The Russo-Swedish Rly. 

 runs through the town, which be- 

 came an important centre of 

 traffic to Russia during the Great 

 War, owing to the Germans having 

 mined the Baltic Sea. Pop. 1,442. 



Hapsburg OR HABSBUEG. Name 

 of the family that ruled over the 

 empire of Austria-Hungary until 

 1918. Members of the family were 

 German kings and Holy Roman 

 emperors from 1438 to 1806, and 

 kings of Spain from 1516 to 1700. 



The name Hapsburg or Hab- 

 ichtsburg, meaning hawk's castle, 

 was taken in the llth century from 

 the family seat, a castle near the 

 junction of the Aar with the Rhine. 

 Counts and afterwards landgraves 



in Alsace, one of them, Rudolph, 

 made himself very useful to the 

 emperor Frederick II. 



Founders of the Family 



The first great Hapsburg' was 

 another Rudolph, who, in 1273, 

 was chosen German king. Wresting 

 Austria and Styria from the king of 

 Bohemia and giving them to his 

 own sons, he began the family's 

 long connexion with Austria. Ru- 

 dolph's son Albert became German 

 king, although not immediately on 

 his father's death, and for a short 

 time his son, another Rudolph, was 

 king of Bohemia. In 1314 another 

 Hapsburg was chosen German king, 

 but in 1322 he was dispossessed, 

 and for about a century the family 

 was perforce content with ruling 

 Austria and its attendant duchies. 



The usual frequent subdivision ot 

 their lands between the various 

 members of the family occurred, 

 but for one reason or another these 

 partitions did not prove perma- 

 nent, a fact which contributed to 

 the rise of the house. In 1437 

 Albert of Hapsburg, who had mar- 

 ried a daughter of the emperor 

 Sigismund, inherited his father-in- 

 law's kingdoms of Hungary and 

 Bohemia. In 1438 he was chosen 

 German king and thus became em- 

 peror. The two kingdoms were lost 

 to the family when Albert's son 

 Ladislaus died without sons in 

 1457, but Frederick, another mem- 

 ber of the family, had already se- 

 cured the German throne. 

 The Two Branches 



Frederick was the strange mon- 

 arch who dreamed of the future 

 greatness of the Hapsburgs, but it 

 was his son, Maximilian I, who trans- 

 lated these dreams into realities. 

 He himself married Mary, daughter 

 of Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- 

 gundy, and his son Philip married 

 the heiress of Castile and Aragon. 

 In this way his grandson, Charles 

 V, the greatest of the Hapsburgs, 

 received a vast inheritance. His 

 brother Ferdinand, by a marriage, 

 secured the kingdoms of Hungary 

 and Bohemia for the Hapsburgs. 

 this time permanently until 1918. 

 Henceforward there were two 

 main branches of the Hapsburgs, 

 the Austrian and the Spanish. 



Meantime Charles V had been 

 succeeded as emperor by his 

 brother Ferdinand, whose line was 

 more fortunate. One after another 

 succeeded to the empire, elective 

 now only in theory, and to the 

 hereditary Austrian lands. Their 

 hold on Bohemia was shaken by 

 the Thirty Years' War and on 

 Hungary by the advances of the 

 Turks, but both dangers were re- 

 pelled. Maximilian II succeeded 

 Ferdinand, and after the brothers 

 Rudolph and Matthias came 



