HAPUR 



383O 



HARBOUR 



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Us 1 



Hara-kiri. Scene at the condemnation of a samurai to the suicide made 

 obligatory by Japanese feudal custom 



After a drawing from a Japanese print 



Ferdinand 111 and Leopold 1. 

 With the death of Charles VI, 

 however, the male line of the 

 Hapsburgs came to an end in 1740. 

 The existing Hapsburgs are de- 

 scended from Maria Theresa, the 

 daughter of Charles VII, and her 

 husband Francis of Lorraine 

 hence the family is sometimes 

 known as Hapsburg-Lorraine. Two 

 of their sons, Joseph II and 

 Leopold II, succeeded to the 

 imperial throne. A grandson, 

 Francis II, was the last Holy 

 Roman Emperor and the first to 

 call himself emperor of Austria, 

 while a succession of younger 

 members of the family ruled over 

 Tuscany, which Francis of Lor- 

 raine had brought to the common 

 stock. About this time the family 

 increased rapidly in numbers, and 

 in the 19th century there was a 

 bewildering number of archdukes. 

 In 1859 the Hapsburgs lost 

 Tuscany, but in Austria-Hungary 

 Francis Joseph, in spite of several 

 humiliations, was still emperor and 

 king when he died hi 1916. His 

 grand-nephew Charles, however, 

 lost all in 1918, and the various 

 Hapsburgs became private person- 

 ages. See Austria ; Bohemia ; 

 Empire, Holy Roman ; Europe ; 

 Hungary ; consult also The Whirl- 

 pool of Europe ; Austria-Hungary 

 s, A. R. and E. 



and The Ha 

 Colquhoun, 1906 ; and The Cradle 

 of the Hapsburgs, J. Gilbart- 

 Smith, 1907 ; The Hapsburg Mon- 

 archy, H. W. Stead, 2nd ed. 1914. 

 Hapur. Subdivision and town 

 of the United Provinces, India, in 

 Meerut district. The cultivated 

 area is large. Hapur town is a local 

 trade centre. Area,410sq.m. Pop., 

 subdivision, 251,668, f Hindus, 

 \ Mahomedans; town, 19,142, f 

 Hindus. ? Mahomedans. 



Hara-kiri (Jap., belly-cut). 

 Suicide by disembowelment in 

 Japan. The custom originated as 

 a means of honourable death 

 among the medieval feudal nobles, 

 and in the 14th century obligatory 

 hara-kiri was recognized by the 

 mikado as the privileged form of 

 execution for a samurai convicted 

 of disloyalty or breaking the law. 



The ceremony consists in ripping 

 up the stomach from left to right. 

 Obligatory hara-kiri was abolished 

 in 1868, but the voluntary iorm 

 committed from loyalty to a dead 

 superior or as a protest against a 



living one, or out of desperation 

 survived. A notable modern 

 instance is that of General Nogi 

 and his wife, through grief at their 

 emperor's death. In the case of 

 women the throat was cut. Among 

 the Karens of Burma honourable 

 suicide is committed by strangu- 

 lation. Seppuku, the Japanese 

 pronunciation of the Chinese 

 synonym chi'eh fuh, is regarded as 

 the more elegant term for this 

 method of " happy dispatch." 



Harbin OR KHAEBIN. Town of 

 Manchuria, China, in the prov. of 

 Kirin. It stands on the Sungari 

 river, 325 m. N.E. of Mukden. 

 Here the Trans-Siberian, or that 

 section known as the Chinese 

 Eastern Rly., branches S. to 

 Mukden and thence to Peking, to 

 Dairen and Korea, while the main 

 line continues to Vladivostok. 

 Harbin was opened to foreign 

 trade in 1909. The international 

 settlement is administered by a mu- 

 nicipal council. Harbin promises 

 to become the centre of Eastern 

 Siberian trade. The Japanese 

 intend to link it up with the coast 

 town of Possiet. Pop. 28,600. 



Har borne. Suburb of Birming- 

 ham. It is to the S.W. of the city 

 proper, beyond Edgbaston. It is 

 served by the L. & N.W. Rly., and 

 also by motor omnibuses. There 

 are a number of industries here, 

 but it is mainly a residential area, 

 the houses and roads having been 

 laid out in a spacious manner. See 

 Birmingham. 



HARBOURS: NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL 



P. J. Risdon, Consulting Engineer 



This article describes generally the varieties of harbours and the way 

 in which they are constructed and protected. See the articles on the 

 great ports of the world: Hamburg; Liverpool; London; Ports- 

 mouth; Rio de Janeiro; New York, etc.; also Concrete; Engineer- 

 ing. See also River ; Tides 



A harbour is a water area par- 

 tially enclosed and so protected from 

 storms as to provide safe accommo- 

 dation for shipping. Other essential 

 features of a good harbour are a 

 sufficient area and depth of water 

 for the number and size of the 

 vessels to be accommodated, and 

 safe and easy access to and from 

 the open sea in any weather. 

 Harbours may be classed (a) as 

 natural or artificial harbours, or 

 (6) as harbours of refuge or com- 

 mercial harbours. 



A natural harbour is an inlet 

 or arm of the sea protected from 

 storms by the natural configura- 

 tion of the coast, and with an 

 entrance so formed and located 

 as to facilitate navigation whilst 

 ensuring comparative tranquillity 

 within. Notable instances of na- 

 tural harbours are Milford Haven, 

 a well -sheltered creek about 10 m. 



long, with excellent access and a 

 minimum depth of water of 48 ft. ; 

 and Rio de Janeiro, which possesses 

 one of the finest natural harbours in 

 the world. The mouths of the 

 Thames, Mersey, Humber, Firth of 

 Forth, Potomac, and St. Lawrence 

 may be said to constitute natural 

 harbours, although protection is 

 not always so complete as in 

 harbours with narrow entrances, 

 while bars and sandbanks some- 

 times form obstructions, rendering 

 constant dredging necessary. 



An artificial harbour is one 

 which is protected from the effect 

 of sea waves by means of break- 

 waters. Early instances of arti- 

 ficial harbours are those of Tyre 

 and Sidon and Carthage.' The 

 selection of site is influenced by (1 ) 

 the range of tide and depth of water; 

 (2) the nature of the approach, 

 which should be of sufficient width 



