HARDINGE BRIDGE 



3836 



HARDWICKE 



peerage as Viscount Hardinge of 

 Penshurst. In 1916 Hardinge left 

 India and was again made under- 

 secretary for foreign affairs in 

 spite of the censure passed upon him 

 by the Mesopotamia commission. 

 He was made a K.G. and in 1920- 

 22 was ambassador to France. 



Hardinge Bridge. Railway 

 bridge across the Ganges, India. 

 It spans the river at Sara and was 

 opened in 1917. A marvellous feat 

 of engineering, it connects the stan- 

 dard 5 ft. 6 in. gauge system of the 

 E. Bengal Rly., S. of the Ganges, 

 with the metre gauge system N. of 

 the river. It comprises 15 girder 

 spans of 345 ft. 1| ins. with 3 land 

 spans of 75 ft. at each end. 



Har dings tone. Village and 

 parish of Northamptonshire. It is 

 2 m. from Northampton and is 

 famous for its cross, the best 

 preserved of those erected by 

 Edward I to the memory of his 

 wife Eleanor. There is an old 

 church dedicated to S. Edmund, 

 and the Nen runs through the 

 parish, as does the Grand Junction 

 Canal. The battle of Northampton, 

 at which in 1459 Henry VI was 

 defeated and taken prisoner, was 

 fought on Hardingstone Fields. 

 There are remains of a Roman 

 camp. See Northampton, Battle of. 



Hard Labour. Term used in 

 penology for a particular kind of 

 punishment. Ordinary prisoners 

 are sentenced to imprisonment 

 with or without hard labour, and 

 Acts of Parliament lay down the 

 various offences for which hard 

 labour may be imposed. The 

 maximum sentence is two years, 

 and is seldom passed except for 

 offences as robbery with violence. 

 Prisoners who are sentenced to 

 hard labour usually pass the first 

 28 days of their confinement 

 breaking stone, making heavy coal 

 sacks, and picking oakum, and 

 afterwards on the manufacture of 

 post bags, hammocks, etc. If 

 certified fit by the doctor, for the 

 first 14 days of hard labour the 

 prisoner sleeps without a mattress. 

 8c.c Criminology ; Penal Servitude. 



Hardness. Term used for a 

 certain quality in water. According 

 to the action of water on soap it is 

 stated to be hard or soft. If an 

 insoluble curd is formed the water 

 is " hard," but when a lather is 

 readily formed the water is known 

 as " soft." Hardness is due to 

 calcium and magnesium salts 

 dissolved in the water. Tem- 

 porary hardness is due to calcium 

 and magnesium bicarbonates, which 

 boiling removes by converting them 

 into insoluble carbonates which are 

 deposited on the surface of the 

 vessel. This deposit in kettles and 

 boilers is known as fur and is 



objectionable on account of the loss 

 of heat that it occasions. 



Permanent hardness is due to 

 calcium and magnesium sulphates 

 and chlorides remaining in the 

 water after boiling. It cannot be 

 stated definitely that hard water is 

 injurious for drinking purposes, but 

 for domestic purposes a great waste 

 of soap takes place. Hardness is ob- 

 jectionable in water used for steam 

 boilers and also in many industrial 

 processes. On the other hand, 

 water containing calcium sulphate 

 is required for brewing pale ale. 



Water is tested for hardness by 

 Clark's soap test, which consists in 

 ascertaining the amount of soap 

 which has to be destroyed by a 

 given volume of the water before a 

 lather is obtained. The softening of 

 water is effected on a large scale at 

 water works by the addition of 

 slaked lime, which, reacting with 

 the calcium bicarbonate, produces 

 calcium carbonate and is deposited 

 as a sediment. 



Hardoi. District, subdivision, 

 and town of the United Provinces, 

 India. The surface is fairly 

 level, and is watered by the 

 Ganges, Gamti, Ramganga, Gavia, 

 and other streams, while several 

 lakes are scattered throughout the 

 district. Dense jungle prevails in 

 parts, inhabited by large game, but 

 the tiger is almost extinct. The 

 chief products are rice and wheat. 

 Area, district, 2,232 sq. m. ; sub- 

 division, 635 sq. m. Pop., district, 

 1,121,250; subdivision, 301,700; 

 town, 13,855. 



Hardouin, JEAN (1640-1729). 

 French scholar. He was born at 

 Quimper, became a Jesuit, and in 

 1683 was appointed librarian at 

 the College de Louis le Grand, 

 Paris. He maintained that most 

 of the classic literature of Greece 

 and Rome was the invention of 

 13th century monks. The excep- 

 tions which he admitted were 

 Homer's Iliad, Herodotus, Virgil's 

 Georgics, Pliny's Natural History, 

 the Satires and Epistles of Horace, 

 and the works of Cicero. In the 

 same way he dismissed all ancient 

 works of art as spurious, and held 

 similarly heterodox views as to the 

 Septuagint, the Greek text of the 

 New Testament, and the authen- 

 ticity of all councils of the Church 

 earlier than that of Trent. 



Hardstoft. Village of Derby- 

 shire, England, 6 m. N. W. of Mans- 

 field. It was selected by experts as 

 the place where the first boring for 

 oil should be made in England. 

 Work was begun in Oct., 1918, and 

 in the following May oil was found. 

 The supply was steady, yielding by 

 the end of 1920 4,575 barrels, or 

 590 tons. The nearest railway is 

 the G.C.R. 



Hardt. Mt. range of Bavaria, 

 Germany. In the Bavarian Pala- 

 tinate, it is a continuation of the 

 Vosges and runs parallel to the 

 Rhine through the Palatinate. 

 The highest summit is Kalmit. 

 2,250 ft. The upper parts are 

 mainly covered with trees, while 

 the vine is grown on the lower. The 

 E. side, which slopes down to the 

 Rhine, is very picturesque witli 

 charming valleys, and ruined 

 castles on its heights. 



Hard Times. Charles Dickens's 

 ninth and shortest novel. Pub- 

 lished in Household Words (Apri!- 

 Aug., 1854), it is a satire on the 

 utilitarian philosophy of early 

 Victorian days, bears unmistak- 

 able evidence of Carlylean influ- 

 ence, was approved as to its main 

 drift and purpose by Ruskin, and 

 dismissed by Macaulay as " sullen 

 Socialism." 



Hardwar. Town of the United 

 Provinces, India, in Saharanpur 

 District. It stands on the Ganges 

 and is a place of great antiquity. 

 It is one of the holy places of India, 

 and the centre of a great pilgrim 

 traffic. Pop. 28,680. 



Hardware. Term used for ware 

 made of the cheaper metals, e.y. 

 iron, zinc, etc., especially kitchen 

 utensils, tools, and the like. In Eng- 

 land hardware is manufactured 

 mainly in the Birmingham district. 

 The trade has its own trade papers 

 and trade organizations, the for- 

 mer including Hardware and 

 Machinery, and The Hardware 

 Trade Journal. 



Hardwicke, EARL OF. British 

 title borne since 1754 by the family 

 of Yorke. It was given to the lord 

 chancellor Philip Yorke, his son 

 Philip (1720-95) being the second [ 

 earl. He was for some years an [ 

 M.P., was a contributor to Athe- 

 nian Letters, having also scien- 

 tific interests. A nephew, Philip 

 (1757-1834), who became the 3rd 

 earl, was lord -lieutenant of Ireland, 

 1801-6. He, too, was succeeded by 

 a nephew, Charles Philip, the 4th 

 earl (1799-1873), also a descendant 

 of Charles Yorke, the lord chancel- 

 lor. He served in the navy and sat 

 in the House of Commons before 

 becoming a member of the Tory 

 cabinet of 1852. In 1858 he was 

 lord privy seal, also under Lord 

 Derby. The title passed to his son 

 and other descendants, coming in 

 1909 to Charles Alexander, the 8th 

 earl. The earl's eldest son is known 

 as Viscount Royston. 



Hardwicke, PHILIP YORKE, IST 

 EARL OP (1690-1764). British law- 

 yer. Born at Dover, Dec. 1, 1690, 

 his father, also Philip Yorke, was a 

 lawyer there. He began life, after 

 education at a private school in 

 London, in an attorney's office, but 



