HARMONICON 



3846 



HARMONIUM 



is the " periodic time " or the 

 period. A diagrammatic represen- 

 tation of simple harmonic motion 

 may be obtained by plotting the 

 distance from the centre against 

 the time ; the resulting curve is 

 shown in Fig. 2. This curve is the 

 outline of the section of the simplest 

 type of water wave, or tidal wave. 

 The method of harmonic analysis 

 is based on a mathematical theorem 

 known as Fourier's theorem, which 

 demonstrates that any periodic 

 motion, however complicated, can 

 be built up as a combination of 

 simple harmonic motions. Thus the 

 actual tides at a given port can be 

 studied as the resultant of several 



fig. 2 



different factors, such as the posi- 

 tions of the sun and moon, and the 

 special local conditions, each factor 

 expressing itself as a simple har- 

 monic rise and fall of the water- 

 level. This method wa<= introduced 

 by Lord Kelvin, who invented a 

 machine which would carry out the 

 harmonic analysis, and could be 

 used to predict the tides for any 

 time ahead. See Motion. 



Harmonicon, THE. Monthly 

 musical journal edited by VV. Ayr- 

 ton. It appeared from 1823 to 1833. 



Harmonic Progression. Three 

 quantities A, B, 0, are said to be in 

 harmonic progression when A is to 

 C as (A-B) is to (B-C), and B is 

 then said to be the harmonic mean 

 between A and C. It is easy to 

 prove algebraically that the recip- 

 rocals of A, B, and C are in arith- 

 metic progression, and this pro- 

 perty may lie used as an alter- 

 native definition. The origin of the 

 term is ascribed to Pythagoras. 



Harmonic Series. Partial 

 tones which accompany every 

 fundamental musical sound. When 



14 are not in tune with the ordinary 

 musical scale. Stopped pipes and 

 cylindrical tubes, such as the 

 clarinets, produce only the odd 

 numbers of the series. See Acous- 

 tics ; Harmony. 



Harmonious Blacksmith. 

 Popular name for an Air with 

 Variations in Handel's Fifth Suite 



lows are actuated by two pedals 

 worked by the player ; in larger 

 instruments, especially those which 

 have a pedal keyboard, a hand 

 lever is added, to be worked by a 

 second person. The reeds are 

 metal tongues of varying curve and 

 thickness, for quality, 

 and of varying size, for 

 pitch. They are free 

 reeds (q.v.) passing 



an elastic body, such as a stretched 

 string or a column of air in a tube, 

 is set in vibration, there are pro- 

 duced many notes beside the funda- 

 mental one, and musical tone 

 depends for its quality upon the 

 proportions in which these other 

 sounds are combined with the 

 fundamental. The science of har- 

 mony also derives much of its 

 justification from this pheno- 

 menon. The series, is as above 

 when 8 ft. C is the fundamental ; 

 similar series are generated by 

 all other notes; Nos. 7, 11, 13, and 



(or lesson) lor the harpsichord. 

 The story of Handel taking refuge 

 from the rain in a smithy near 

 Edgware is given at length in 

 Rockstro's Life of Handel, pp. 

 116-21, 1883. See Handel, the 

 Duke of Chandos and the Har- 

 monious Blacksmith, W. H. Cum- 

 mings, pp. 17-31, 1915. 



Harmonists. Communist re- 

 ligious society first organized in 

 Wurttemberg, Germany, by John 

 George Rapp (1770-1 847). In 1803 

 Rapp and his followers emigrated 

 to America, and in Butler co., 

 Pennsylvania, in 1805, formed 

 the Harmony Society and the town 

 of Harmony. In 1814 New Har- 

 mony was formed on the Wabash, 

 Indiana ; and in 1824 the Indiana 

 property was sold to Robert Owen, 

 and a" new settlement, called 

 Economy, started on the Ohio. 



Under the management of Fred- 

 erick Rapp (Reichart). adopted 

 son of the founder, the society 

 owned flourishing cotton, woollen, 

 silk, and other industries, and 

 made considerable advance also 

 in intellectual culture, but a 

 division occurred in 1832. The 

 society became involved in debt 

 and litigation, and was dissolved 

 in 1906. The members held ail 

 property in common, discouraged 

 M .. sexual intercourse, 

 f f* f^f' ' ... arid believed the 

 second coming of 

 Christ to be near. 

 .2 .3 t* is IB See Rapp and His 



Associates, J. S. Duss, 1914. 



Harmonium. Musical instru- 

 ment with a keyboard or key- 

 boards controlling the access of 

 the wind from the bellows to the 

 reeds which produce the sound. 

 In ordinary harmoniums the bel- 



faarmomum. sectional diagrams 

 illustrating essential parts of the 

 instrument. Arrangement of in- 

 terior: a, feeders; b, reservoir; c, 

 wind-chest; d, spiral springs; e, 

 cranks; f, cords connecting crank- 

 levers to foot-boards; g. wind- 

 trunks: h, safety valve; i, peg to 

 open valve. Top, left, bass end of 

 sound-board: a, vibrator; b, mor- 

 tice : c, sound-board ; d, pallet 

 e, pallet-lever; f, spring 



through and through their frames 

 as they vibrate. The reeds are 

 fixed above the sound- 

 board, in rows parallel 

 with the keyboard, each 

 reed being over a wind 

 hole controlled by its 

 appropriate key. The 

 various stops govern 

 strips of wood, padded, 

 each of which closes or 

 opens the complete set 

 of holes belonging to a 

 series of reeds, much 

 as in the organ (f).v. ), 

 but of simpler mechan- 

 ism. While in the organ 

 most of the stops are of 

 A ra Frame! the ful1 compass of their 

 B.' Vibrat- keyboards, in the har- 

 ingtongue monium the five octaves 

 are divided thus : 



In large instruments there is a 

 great variety of stops, but the fol- 

 lowing are those of fundamental 

 character (French names in italic): 



Left 



Diapason Bass\ 

 / 



No. Right 



Diapason Treble 

 FMte 



Double Diapason Treble 

 Clarinet 



f$\ Principal Treble 

 ^ Fifre 



Oboe Treble 

 Hautbois 



Pitch 

 8ft. 



16ft. 

 4 ft. 

 8ft. 



