HARMONY 



3848 



HARNACK 



But the pioneer of modern 

 harmonic thought was Claudio 

 Monteverde, born at Cremona, in 

 1568. He struck out new paths of 

 his own, questioning and dis- 

 obeying many rules hitherto 

 regarded as inviolable, and fore- 

 shadowing the all - important 

 principle of the relation of chords 

 through a common tonic, or key- 

 note. His operas, Arianna and 

 Orfeo, show a mastery never 

 before attained. English com- 

 posers, from Tallis and Byrd (16th 

 century) to Henry Purcell (1658- 

 1695), were also at work, feeling 

 about in new directions. But 

 Purcell, like Monteverde before 

 him, not content with musical 

 rule as he found it, thought for 

 himself, and, experimenting in the 

 most daring manner, wrote pas- 

 sages which command attention to- 

 day. Purcell died when John 

 Sebastian Bach was but ten years 

 old. Bach summed up all that his 

 predecessors had accomplished, 

 and indeed almost any chord in use 

 to-day (except in the complex 

 departures from tradition to be 

 found in the advanced school) 

 may be seen or suggested by this 

 astounding composer. 



It is important to note how 

 harmony has developed with the 

 gradual improvement in musical 

 instruments. Composition for 

 voices is naturally restricted, as 

 compared with what may be 

 accomplished on instruments. 



Music may be described as the 

 resolution of discord into concord. 

 A chord in which any note forms a 

 concord with every other note, is 

 called a concord. A chord in which 

 any discord appears is called a 

 discord. 



In the following : 



ant note in a discord must be 

 heard in the previous chord as a 

 concord. In the following passage : 



the first chord contains the 

 note F, which as a 7th from G is 

 discordant with it. It is also a 

 discord with the B, as they form 

 a diminished 5th, which is a dis- 

 cord. The first chord, then, can 

 give no sense of finality, and must 

 be followed by a chord in which no 

 discordant interval appears. That 

 condition is fulfilled in the second 

 chord, which is called the re- 

 solution of the first, and this is a 

 simple example of a principle of 

 which the possibilities of exten- 

 sion are endless. The greatest 

 advances have been made by 

 those daring enough to widen 

 the harmonic outlook of their day. 

 It was necessary in eferly times to 

 prepare a discord, i.e. the discord- 



the F is a discord in the 2nd 

 chord, but a concord (imperfect) in 

 the 1st, and is therefore said to be 

 prepared. Even Monteverde dared 

 to disregard this rule, writing 

 in his madrigal, Cruda Amarilli, 

 a seventh and a ninth without 

 preparation. The reverse of this 

 may be seen in Schumann's En- 

 treating Child, which concludes 

 with an unresolved 7th. 



Systems of harmony have been 

 devised from time to time, but the 

 developments of composition leave 

 them successively out of date, 

 while the modern scale, consisting 

 of whole tones, opens up new fields 

 of thought which are being widely 

 explored. Alfred Day published 

 a treatise in 1845, and his 

 theories have been more or less 

 adopted by other writers. The 

 broad principles of these various 

 treatises agree in the main, and 

 such progressions as consecutive 

 perfect 5ths, and octaves between 

 any two parts, have been univer- 

 sally condemned. Day considered 

 the bad effect of the former to be 

 due to the two parts moving 

 practically in two different keys. 

 Consecutive octaves were regarded 

 as weakening the part-writing by 

 making two voices sing the same 

 notes, though one or more octaves 

 apart. Consecutive unisons were 

 forbidden for the same reason. 



Harmony, PRE-ESTABLISHED. In 

 the philosophical system of Leib- 

 niz, the theory that all the 

 monads (or primary elements), 

 although independent of each 

 other, were connected by a " pre- 

 established " harmony, previously 

 determined by God, whereby what 

 was produced in one monad was 

 reflected in the rest. 



Harms worth. Family name of 

 Viscount Northcliffe (q.v.) and 

 Viscount Rothermere (q.v), the 

 eldest and second sons of Alfred 

 Harms worth (1837-89), barrister 

 of the Middle Temple, London. 

 Two other brothers became known 

 as Liberal politicians : Cecil 

 Bisshopp Harmsworth and Sir 

 Robert Leicester Harmsworth, 

 Bart. (b. 1870). The latter was 

 elected M.P. for Caithness in 

 1900, and made a baronet in 

 1918. In 1919 Esmond, only 

 surviving son of Viscount Rother- 

 mere, was elected M.P. for Thanet, 

 and in 1922, 1923, and 1924. 



Harmsworth, CECIL BISSHOPP 

 (b. 1869). British politician. Born 

 Sept. 28, 1869, the third son of 

 Alfred Harmsworth and a younger 

 brother of Viscounts Northcliffe 

 and Rothermere, he was educated 

 at Trinity College, Dublin, where 

 he had a brilliant career, being 

 senior moderator in literature. 

 He then joined his brothers in 

 the firm of Harmsworth Bros. 

 Turning his attention to politics, 

 he fought two 

 seats in the 

 Liberalinterest 

 in 1900-1, and 

 in 1906 was re- 

 turned to Par- 

 liament for the 

 Droitwich divi- 

 sion of Wor- 

 cestershire. 

 He lost his seat Cecil B. Harmsworth, 

 in 1910, but British politician 



in 1911 was Elliott&Fry 



elected for S. Bedfordshire, and 

 early in 1915 entered the govern- 

 ment as under-secretary for home 

 affairs. The formation of the 

 Coalition in 1915 deprived him 

 of that office, but in 1918-22, sit- 

 ting for S. Bedfordshire, he was 

 under-secretary for foreign affairs. 

 Harnack, ADOLF VON (b. 1851). 

 German theologian and church 

 historian. Son of Theodosius Har- 

 nack (1817- 

 89), professor 

 of theology at 

 Dorpat, where 

 he was born 

 May 7, 1851, 

 he began his 

 career as lec- 

 turer in church 

 h i s t o r y at 

 Adoli von Harnack, Leipzig in 1874. 

 German theologian ji e was ap 

 pointed professor of eccles. history 

 at Leipzig, 1876 ; at Giessen, 1879 : 

 at Marburg, 1886 ; and at Berlin, 

 1887-1905, when he became general 

 director of the royal library. The 

 distinction of "Von" (q.v.) was con- 

 ferred upon him in 1914, when he 

 took part in presenting the German 

 case to neutrals in the Great War. 

 The most eminent German Pro 

 testant theologian of his day 

 though his orthodoxy did not 

 escape suspicion, he was the author 

 of many influential works, includ- 

 ing Gnosticism, 1873; Ignatius, 

 1878 ; Monasticism : Its Ideals and 

 Its History, Eng. trans. 1903 ; 

 History of Dogma, 1886-89, Eng. 

 trans. 1895-1900 ; Outlines of the 

 History of Dogma, Eng. trans. 

 1893-97 ; Martin Luther, 3rd ed 

 1901 ; The Apostles' Creed, 1901 ; 

 a History of Early Christian Litera- 

 ture, 1897-1904 ; What is Christi- 

 anity ?, Eng. trans. 1901 ; and 

 studies in the New Testament, 



