HAROERIS 



Eng. trans. 1907-12. He collabor- 

 ated with Von Gebhardt and 

 T. Zahn in editing the Apostolic 

 Fathers, 1876-78, and was joint 

 editor with E. Schiirer of the 

 Theologische Litteraturzeitung. 



Haroeris OB AROERIS. Name of 

 the earliest Egyptian sun-god, 

 Horus the Aged. He is represented 

 as a hawk- headed man leaning on 

 a staff, and is not to be confused 

 with Horus the Younger, the son 

 of Osiris and Isis. See Egypt. 



Harold. Masculine Christian 

 name. Of Teutonic origin, it means 

 power for war and in England has 

 retained or perhaps recovered the 

 popularity it won in Anglo-Saxon 

 times. It was introduced by the 

 Danish invaders. In Scandinavian 

 countries it is spelled Harald. 



Harold I, CALLED HAREFOOT 

 (d. 1040). King of the English, 

 1037-40. A son of Canute the Great 

 by an English mother, he came into 



3849 



Godwin and his sons were ban- 

 ished he went to Ireland, but was 

 soon in England again, and when 

 Godwin died in 1053 became earl 

 of Wessex. Henceforward he was 

 the most powerful man in the land. 

 His wars against the Welsh gave 

 him a reputation as a fighter, and 

 when Edward died he was chosen 

 and crowned king. A double 

 danger now threatened him. His 

 brother Tostig came from Norway 

 with Harold Haardraade, the king 

 of that country, to recover his lost 

 earldom of Northumbria ; and 

 William of Normandy claimed the 

 crown which, he alleged, Harold 

 had promised to secure for him 

 when shipwrecked off the, coast of 

 France. Harold crushed the Nor- 

 wegians at Stamford Bridge, but 

 was killed at Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066. 

 See Hastings, Battle of. 



Harold I (c. S50-c. 933). King 

 of Norway 872-C.930, known as 



Harold II. The Battle of Hastings and the death of Harold, struck in the 

 forehead by an arrow, Oct., 1066 



From a print after P. J. de Loulherbourg 



prominence on his father's death 

 in 1035. England had been left by 

 Canute to his son Hardicanute, 

 who was already king of Denmark, 

 but Harold, more of an English- 

 man than his' half-brother, also 

 claimed it. Both had stout sup- 

 porters, and the Witan divided 

 England between them, Harold 

 becoming king of the district N. of 

 the Thames. Shortly afterwards 

 Earl Godwin and his party tired of 

 serving the still absent Hardi- 

 canute, and in 1037 Harold became 

 king of all England. His reign was 

 disturbed by invaders from Scot- 

 land and Wales. He died at Ox- 

 ford, March 17, 1040. 



Harold II (c. 1026-66). King 

 of the English. A son of Earl 

 Godwin, he became earl of East 

 Anglia in the time of his brother-in- 

 law, Edward the Confessor. When 



Fair-Hair (Haarfagr). He was a 

 son of Halfdan the Black, one of 

 the petty rulers among whom 

 Norway was then divided. Accord- 

 ing to the sagas he fell in love with 

 a beautiful girl, Gyda, who refused 

 to marry him while any other king 

 ruled in all Norway ; Harold then 

 vowed that he would not comb or 

 cut his hair until he had obtained 

 the sole kingship. After over- 

 coming several of his neighbours, 

 in a sea-fight at Hafursfiord in 872 

 he overcame the confederated 

 rulers and united the kingdom. 

 His defeated rivals migrated to 

 the Faroes, Hebrides, Orkneys, 

 Shetland, and Iceland, all of which, 

 except Iceland, he subsequently 

 subdued. He proved a capable 

 ruler of his people, but was 

 troubled by the quarrels of his 

 many sons, among whom, about 



HARP 



930, he divided his kingdom. 

 After his death, c. 933, his eldest 

 and youngest sons, Eric Blood-Axe 

 and Haakon I, fought for the 

 sovereignty, and the former was 

 driven into exile. 



Harold III (1015-66). King of 

 Norway 1048-66, known as The 

 Severe in Council (Haardraade). 

 He was a son of King Sigurd and 

 half-brother of King Olaf (S. Olaf ). 

 When the latter was killed at the 

 battle of Stiklestad, 1030, Harold 

 fled to Russia, where he fell in love 

 with a princess at Novgorod. He 

 then went on to Constantinople, 

 where he became leader of the 

 imperial Varangian guard. He left 

 Constantinople in 1044 for Russia, 

 married the daughter of the prince 

 of Novgorod, and in 1046 returned 

 to Norway, where he shared the 

 kingdom with his nephew, Magnus, 

 and later, 1048. succeeded him as 

 sole ruler. In 1066 he invaded 

 England in support of Tostig, the 

 brother of the English Harold, and 

 was killed at the battle of Stamford 

 Bridge (q.v.) in Sept., 1066. 



Haroun Al Raschid (763-809). 

 Caliph of Bagdad. Haroun was 

 born at Rai, March 29, 763, and 

 was sent by his father, Mohammed 

 Mahdi, to take part in the in- 

 vasion of the Eastern Empire in 

 781 ; he reached the Bosporus and 

 imposed tribute on the Empress 

 Irene, 782. He succeeded his 

 brother Musa, as fifth caliph of the 

 Abasside line, in 786, and opened a 

 reign proverbial for its magnifi- 

 cence and prosperity. Haroun 

 made his court a great centre of 

 art and literature. He waged 

 successful wars against the Greek 

 Empire, 797, and suppressed 

 various provincial revolts. 



At first he ruled with the power- 

 ful aid of the Barmecides, but 

 sudden jealousy made him order 

 their wholesale murder in 803. In 

 the same year he marched against 

 the emperor Nicephorus, invading 

 Phrygia and destroying Heraclea, 

 and exacted heavy tribute from 

 him. On his way to quell a rising 

 in the province of Khorasan, 

 Haroun died at Tus in March, 809. 

 His name is still remembered, if 

 only as a central figure in The 

 Arabian Nights. He was a man of 

 considerable talents and culture, 

 but lacking in strength of char- 

 acter. See Arabian Nights ; con- 

 sult also Haroun al-rashid, E. H. 

 Palmer, 1881. 



Harp. Musical instrument with 

 strings plucked by the fingers. 

 Employed in some form or other 

 by all races and from remote ages, 

 its earliest forms seem to have 

 been suggested by the hunting bow, 

 whose tightly stretched string will 

 emit a note of fair musical value ; 



