HARTMANN 



3860 



HARTZENBUSCH 



Holy Orders. He became a suc- 

 cessful physician, finally settling 

 at Bath, where he died Aug. 28, 

 1757. His chief work is Observa- 

 tions on Man, his Frame, his Duty, 

 and his Expectations, 1749. In 

 this he explained the workings of 

 the mind as due to certain tiny vi- 

 brations or li vibratiuncules," work- 

 ing both inwards and outwards by 

 way of the nerves, according as the 

 disturbing cause was an external 

 object or an internal impulse. The 

 founder of the Associationist psy- 

 chological school (see Association 

 of Ideas), he attached special im- 

 portance to the law of succession 

 and simultaneity. See Hartley and 

 James Mill, G. S. Bower, 1881. 



Hartmann, FELIX VON (1851- 

 1919). German cardinal and arch- 

 bishop of Cologne. Born at Miin- 

 s t e r, W e s t- 

 phalia, Dec. 15, 

 1851, and or- 

 dained in 1874, 

 he was conse- 

 crated bishop 

 of Munster in 

 1911, elected 

 archbishop of 

 Cologne, 1912, 

 and made a 

 canlinal priest 

 by Pope Pius X, May 25, 1914. He 

 was entrusted with a special mis- 

 sion to the Vatican, Nov.-Dec., 

 1915, and in 1916 became a mem- 

 ber of the Prussian House of Lords. 

 He died at Cologne, Nov. 11, 1919. 

 He was a consistent supporter of 

 the German government through- 

 out the Great War. 



Hartmann, KARL ROBERT EDU- 

 ARD VON (1842-1906). German 

 philosopher. Born in Berlin, Feb. 

 23, 1842, the 

 son of a Prus- 

 sian general, 

 for five years 

 he heJ da com- 

 mission in the 

 Guards -Artil- 

 lery, but was 

 forced in 1865 

 to retire on ac- 

 count of a 

 neuralgic af- 

 fection of the 

 him a cripple 

 period spent 



Felix von Hartmann. 

 German prelate 



Eduard von Hart- 

 mann, German 

 philosopher 



knee which made 

 for life. After t 

 in study he published, in 1869, 

 his work on The Philosophy of 

 the Unconscious, 10th ed. 1890, 

 Eng. trans. W. C. Coupland, 1884 ; 

 2nd ed. 1904. His Modern Psy- 

 chology, 1903, is an account of the 

 progress of psychological study in 

 Germany in the second half of the 

 19th centurj-. His other works 

 include German Aesthetics since 

 Kant, 1886; The Religion of the 

 Future, Eng. trans. E. Dare, 1888; 

 The Sexes Compared and Other 



Essays, Eng. trans. A. Kenner, 

 1895; and The Philosophy of the 

 Beautiful, 18-87. He died atLichter- 

 felde, near Berlin, June 6, 1906. 

 * Von Hartmann was a monist. 

 f lis Philosophy of the Unconscious 

 is based on an amalgamation ot 

 Schopenhauer's doctrine of will 

 with the metaphysic of Hegel and 

 the positiveness of Scheiling. Logi- 

 cal thought and illogical will are 

 merged in the unconscious, i.e. in 

 the one and universal unconscious 

 mind which animates the world. 

 Unlike Schopenhauer, Hartmann 

 denies that will can exist without 

 willing something definite, which 

 is thought or idea. Mind and mat- 

 ter are objectifications. Nature's 

 restorative and reproductive pow- 

 ers are unconscious, as are reflex 

 action and instinct. Consciousness 

 came to life in man, and with it an 

 idea of wretchedness to which the 

 lesser animals are strangers. From 

 this idea man has sought relief in a 

 belief in worldly happiness, faith 

 in a hereafter, and trust in the ame- 

 liorative agency of education and 

 science. The greater part of the 

 will perceives the inevitable misery 

 of existence, and finally man will 

 seek the peace of non-existence. 

 See Pessimism, J. Sully, 1891. 



Hartmannsweilerkopf Sum- 

 mit in the Vosges, north-west of 

 Mulhouse, called by the French 

 Vieil Armand. It is "3, 136 ft. high, 

 and its possession was hotly con- 

 tested by the French and the 

 Germans during the Great War. 

 In Jan., 1915, when the crest was 

 held by a small detachment of 

 French chasseurs, it was rushed 

 by the Germans, who fortified it 

 and beat off all efforts to retake it. 

 On March 22, 1915, after a violent 

 bombardment, it was attacked 

 by three French battalions, which 

 with severe losses captured some 

 important trenches. On March 26 

 the attack was renewed, and the 

 crest was carried. 



On April 25 the Germans de- 

 livered an assault, supported by 

 their heaviest guns, and in the 

 evening reached the crest, cap- 

 turing some hundreds of French 

 whom they cut off. The French 

 reserves were thrown in, but 

 could not regain the crest, though 

 they held positions close to it. 

 On Oct. 15, by a sudden attack 

 with liquid fire, the Germans seized 

 the advanced French trenches on 

 the western edge of the crest, but 

 during the night were driven from 

 them by a French counter-attack. 



Late in the year the French 

 command decided to carry out 

 a considerable offensive. This was 

 delayed by bad weather, and when 

 it opened on Dec. 21 the Germans 

 were ready for it. None the less, 



the French captured the summit 

 and took 800 prisoners, but were 

 counter-attacked on the 22nd and 

 driven off, and the regiment en- 

 gaged was practically annihilated, 

 losing 1,998 officers and men, the 

 commander, General Serret, being 

 mortally wounded. From this date 

 the summit remained in German 

 hands. See Alsace, Campaigns in. 



Hartmann von Aue (c. 1170- 

 1210). German Meistersinger. A 

 Swabian knight, known to have 

 joined in one of the Crusades. He 

 was the author of two Arthurian 

 epics, Erec and Iwein, which 

 greatly influenced German me- 

 dieval poetry, and of two religious 

 narrative poems, Gregorius, a 

 legend of the early life of Pope 

 Gregory the Great, and Der Arme 

 Heinrich (Poor Henry), a tender 

 romance of love and faith based on 

 the legend which Longfellow also 

 used in his Golden Legend. 



Hartshorn. Popular name for 

 ammonia water, ammonium car- 

 bonate. The name originally re- 

 ferred to the preparation made by 

 distillation from the antlers of the 

 red deer, Cervus elaphus. The pro- 

 ducts of distillation have now been 

 replaced by ammonia prepara- 

 tions. See Ammonia. 



Hart's-tongue Fern (Phyllitis 

 scolopendrium). Fern of the natural 

 order Polypodiaceae It is a native 

 of Europe, N. Africa, Asia, and N. 

 America. The rootstock is short 

 and broad, clothed with slender 

 brown scales ; the fronds, 1 ft. to 

 3 ft. long, are undivided, leathery, 

 and strap-shaped, with a heart- 

 shaped base. The spore clusters are 

 in thick parallel lines at right angles 

 to the thick mid rib. See Fern. 



Hart - Truffle (Elaphomyces 

 granulatus). Subterranean fungus 

 of the natural order Ascomycetes. 

 It is a yellow 

 tuber of de- 

 pressed spher- 

 ical form, at- 

 tached to the 

 roots of coni- 

 fers, and filled, 

 when ripe, with 

 a purplish- 

 brown mass of 

 spores. Its 

 presence be- 

 neath the soil 

 is indicated 

 above it by the 

 clubbed stems 

 of another fun- 

 gus, Cordyceps 

 capitala, which is parasitic upon 

 the hart-truffle. 



Hartzenbusch, JUAN EUGENIC 

 (1806-80). Spanish dramatist. 

 Born at Madrid, Sept, 6, 1806, of 

 German origin, he worked as a car- 

 penter for some years and then 



Hart-Truffle, with 



clubbed stems of 



its parasite 



