HARVEY PROCESS 



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Phycologia Australica (1858-63), 

 Thesaurus Capensis (1859-63), 

 and Index Generum Algarum 

 (1860). He died at Torquay, May 

 15, 1866. 



Harvey Process. Process in- 

 vented by H. A. Harvey, an 

 American engineer, for hardening 

 steel plates. It consists essentially 

 in heating the plate in a furnace 

 while it is covered all over the sur- 

 face to be hardened with charcoal 

 or some other form of carbonaceous 

 material. The operation may re- 

 quire to be maintained for several 

 days. The carburised face is then 

 further treated by chilling by a 

 water spray. Steel plates so harvey- 

 ised have proved extraordinarily 

 resistant to penetration by shot. 

 See, Armour ; Metallurgy ; Steel. 



Harwich. Seaport and borough 

 of Essex. It stands on a peninsula 

 at the mouth of the estuary of the 

 Orwell and the 

 Stour, 70 m. from 

 London. It is 

 served by the 

 G.E. Ely., which 

 has made it the 

 port for its con- 

 tinental traffic, 

 and from here 

 steamers go to the 

 Hook of Holland, Amsterdam, 

 Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, 

 Copenhagen, and elsewhere. The 

 chief buildings are the church of 

 S. Nicholas and the town hall. The 



Harwich arms 



Harwich, Essex. The pier used by 

 passenger steamers 



harbour, a very safe one, is pro- 

 tected by breakwaters. There are 

 modern docks. Passengers go from 

 Parkestone Quay, 1 m. up the 

 Stour. Other industries are fishing, 

 shipbuilding, and the making of 

 fertilisers and cement. It is a 

 yachting centre. 



Harwich became a borough in 

 1319, and from 1604 to 1867 was 

 separately represented in Parlia- 

 ment. By charter it was allowed 

 markets and fairs. A a port it was 

 flourishing in the 14th and 15th 



3864 



centuries. Its position made it 

 strategically important, and it has 

 long been fortified. Martello towers 

 exist, and there are modern defence 

 works at Landguard Fort on the 

 Suffolk side, at Shotley Point and 

 elsewhere round the port. During 

 the Great War Harwich was an 

 important naval base. A train 

 ferry service to Zeebrugge was 

 inaugurated, 1924. The watering- 

 place of Dovercourt is within the 

 borough. Pop. (1921), 13,036 



Harwood, GREAT. Market town 

 and urban dist. of Lancashire. It 

 is 5 m. N.E. of Blackburn, on the 

 L. & Y. Rly. The chief industries 

 are the manufacture of cotton and 

 the mining of coal in the neighbour- 

 hood. The council owns the mar- 

 ket and a cemetery, while gas and 

 water are supplied by Accrington. 

 Market day, Fri. Pop. 13,800. 



Harz. Mountain range of N. 

 Germany lying between the Leine 

 and the Saale and crossed by the 

 waterparting between the Weser 

 and the Elbe. The existing heights 

 are the remains of an ancient and 

 more extensive system of fold 

 mountains which were uplifted 

 during the period when the coa) 

 measures were under formation 



The Harz consists of carboni- 

 ferous and older rocks with intru- 

 sive granites , the Brocken, 3,730 

 ft., the highest point, being the 

 largest granite mass. N. of the 

 rancre outlying hills lead to the low- 

 land of N. Ger- 

 many ; the drain- 

 age is by the Ocker 

 and other streams 

 to the Weser ; to 

 the S. lies the 

 fertile "Golden 

 Meadow," the 

 valley of the 

 Helme, tributary to 

 the Saale. 



The range, 56 m. 

 by 20m., comprises 

 the Upper Harz, a 

 thickly forested dis- 

 trict where at 

 Clausthal and other 

 c e nt r e s silver is 

 mined at depths 

 below sea level, and 

 the Lower Harz 

 where agriculture prevails on land 

 cleared of the forest, and copper is 

 mined at Mansfelcl, the chief Ger- 

 man centre for this mineral. The 

 whole region, which is associated 

 with legendary occurrences, e.g. the 

 spectre of the Brocken (q.v.), is 

 visited by tourists and invalids, 

 the valley of the Bode being noted 

 for its mountain scenery. 



Harzburg. Town of Brunswick, 

 Germany. It is 27 m. from Bruns- 

 wick, and lies at the entrance to 

 the Radan valley, along the sides 



1 



coasting 



HASDRUBAL 



^^^^^^^^^^M^^^i^i 



of which it is built, and which 

 affords pleasant promenades. It is 

 a popular resort for visitors to the 

 Harz, and for invalids The town 

 itself, which has saline baths and 

 springs, has few objects of in- 

 terest, but its surroundings are 

 fine, and from the Grosser Burg- 

 berg, topped by a ruined castle, a 

 good view is obtained. Pop. 3,500. 



Hasa OR EL HASA. District on 

 the W. side of the Persian Gulf. 

 A low-lying plain, 350 m. long, it 

 is bounded N. by Koweit, whose 

 sheikh is independent under Brit- 

 ish protection, and S. by the penin- 

 sula of El Kater. Off the coast 

 are the Bahrein Islands (q.v.). Be- 

 fore the Great War the Turks 

 claimed the sovereignty of Hasa, 

 and had some troops in El Hofuf, 

 its capital, but its various Arab 

 chiefs were virtually independent. 

 Quantities of dates are grown. 

 Area, 31,000 sq. m. Pop. 150,000. 



Hasan (625-669) AND HUSSEIN 

 (629-680). Sons of Ali, adopted 

 son of Mahomet and Fatima, the 

 Prophet's daughter. After their 

 father had been fatally stabbed in 

 the mosque at Kufa, 661. the 

 brothers lived in retirement at 

 Medina. Hasan is believed to have 

 been poisoned by his wife. Hussein, 

 who married a daughter of Yez- 

 digerd, the last Sassanian king of 

 Persia, was slain in battle at Ker- 

 bela when on his way to respond to 

 a popular call to the caliphate. The 

 brothers are venerated by the 

 Shiites as martyrs. See Ali ; 

 Mahomedanism ; Shiites ; consult 

 also The Miracle Play of Hasein 

 and Hosein, Lewis Pelly, 1879 ; 

 Persian Passion Play, in Matthew 

 Arnold's Essays in Criticism, 1st 

 series, new ed. 1911. 



Hasdrubal OR ASDRUBAL. Car- 

 thaginian soldier. Left in Spain by 

 his brother Hannibal (q.v.), when 

 setting out on his expedition against 

 Rome in 218 B.C., Hasdrubal car- 

 ried on the war against the two 

 Scipios, whose object it was to 

 prevent him from reinforcing Han- 

 nibal. In 208 he crossed the 

 Pyrenees, and in 207 the Alps, and 

 reached Italy with his army. It 

 was defeated, however, at the 

 battle of the Metaurus, Hasdrubal 

 himself was killed, and Hannibal 

 was informed of the disaster by 

 his brother's head being thrown 

 into his camp. 



The name of Hasdrubal was 

 borne by several other eminent 

 Carthaginians, the most distin- 

 guished of these being the son-in- 

 law of Hamilcar Barca (q.v.). As 

 commander of the Carthaginian 

 forces in Spain, he was responsible 

 for the treaty fixing the boundary 

 between the Carthaginian and Ro- 

 man territory. See Carthage. 



