HAUPTMANN 



HAUSSMANN 



Hauptmann, GERHART (b.1862). 

 German dramatist. Born at Salz- 

 Kninn Nov 1 5. 1 862, at the age of 

 eighteen h e 

 became an art 

 student at 

 Breslau, and 

 in 1883 went to 

 Rome, where 

 he hired a 

 studio and 

 dabbled in 

 sculpture. His 



marriage i n 

 German dramatist Ifi85 made him 



independent of earning a livelihood, 

 and, having returned to Germany, 

 he resumed his studies. In 1889 he 

 began playwriting, producing Vor 

 Sonnenaufgang, followed in 1890 by 

 Friedensfest ; Einsame Menschen, 

 1891 . and Die Weber, 1892. 



The first ot these, by its out- 

 spoken attack on existing condi- 

 tions and the ways of thought, 

 placed Hauptmann at the head of 

 modern German dramatists. With 

 an almost repellent naturalism 

 and realistic depiction of the mean- 

 nesses and ugly trivialities of mo- 

 dern life, he struck a new chord in 

 contemporary literature and art. 

 From 1892 his outlook broadened, 

 and thenceforward his output 

 was considerable and varied. His 

 Emmanuel Quint, 1910, and At- 

 lantis, 1912, were powerful works. 

 Recipient of the Nobel prize for 

 literature in 1912, his works have 

 been translated into most European 

 languages 



Hauraki, GULF OF. Arm of the 

 Pacific Ocean, on the E. coast of 

 North Island, New Zealand. Pro- 

 tected by the Great Barrier Island 

 athwart its entrance, it affords 

 safe anchorage to the numerous 

 vessels plying to the ports of 

 Auckland and Thames. The 

 southern extension of the gulf is 

 known as the Firth of Thames. 

 The Gulf of Hauraki contains a 

 large number of islands, is 70 m. 

 long and 42 m. broad. 



Hauran, THE. District ot 

 Palestine anciently known as 

 Auranitis. It lies E. of the Jordan, 

 with loosely defined boundaries, 

 but it forms the elevated plain, 

 much of which is fertile, lying 

 between the river and the Jebel 

 Hauran (alt. 6,000 ft.) on the E. 

 It is bounded N. by the Jaulan 

 district S. of Damascus, and S. by 

 the El Belka region. 



Hausa. Negroid people, mostly 

 N. of the Benue and Niger rivers, 

 Nigeria. Their culture, based on 

 settled husbandry, handicrafts, and 

 trade, advanced under Libyan im- 

 petus, and the adoption ot Islam by 

 the upper classes. Their political 

 power was overthrown by the Fula 

 chief Dan Fodio in 1810, but since 



the British occupation of Sokoto in 

 1903 their virile temperament has 

 again emerged. There are vigorous 

 colonies in Tunis and Italian Libya. 

 Walled towns, such as Kano, re- 

 present their superiority to the 



general negroid 



I level. The 

 jMl&&8jJ& I Hausa stock, 

 1 essentially 

 I peaceable, was 

 P""^ I easily domin- 



1 a ted by the 

 I pastoral Fula. 



.** 



Hausa woman with feet and arm 

 bandaged after the ceremonial appli- 

 cation o! henna. Above, Hausa man 



The Hausa military police regi- 

 ments in British and Belgian terri- 

 tory are largely recruited from 

 Hausa-speaking W. African negroes. 

 See Negro ; consult also Hausaland : 

 or Fifteen Hundred Miles through 

 the Central Soudan, C. H. Robinson, 

 1897. 



Hausa. Language spoken in 

 Africa by 15,000,000 people of 

 Mahomedan faith, whose original 

 home appears to have been be- 

 tween Sokoto and Bornu. Easy to 

 learn, it has been adopted as the 

 trade language from Lake Chad to 

 the Guinea coast. It is generally 

 considered to belong to the Hamitic 

 family of languages, which include 

 Egyptian (Coptic), Galla, and 

 Berber. According to some, it is a 

 Semitic tongue, but although the 

 vocabulary contains a considerable 

 Arabic element, it has no guttural 

 sounds like Arabic 'Ain and Ghain, 

 and triliteral roots, the character- 

 istic feature of all Semitic lan- 

 guages, are wanting. 



The literature consists mainly 

 of religious hymns and war-like 

 songs translated from the Arabic. 

 The Arabic alphabet is used. 

 Since the territory came under Brit- 

 ish protection Hausa has received 

 considerable attention, and a 

 readership hi the language has 

 been established at Cambridge. 



Hausen, MAX A. W. VON (1846- 

 1922). German soldier. Born at 

 Dresden, Dec. 17, 1846, the son of a 

 Saxon nobleman, he entered the 

 Saxon army as an ensign in a 

 Jager regiment, rising gradually to 

 the rank of general. He was war 

 minister of Saxony in 1902. When 

 the Great War broke out he was 

 associated in command with Duke 

 Albert of Wiirt- 

 temberg in the 

 operations in 

 the Belgian Ar- 

 dennes of the 

 German Third 

 x4rmy, Aug.- 

 Sept., 1914, and 

 took part in the 

 battle of the 

 Marne, being re- Max von Hausen, 

 pulsed at Vitry German soldier 

 le Francois. He died Mar 19, 1922 

 Hauser, KASPAR (d. 1833). Wild 

 boy of Nuremberg. He was found 

 in the market place of that city, 

 May 26, 1828, 

 dressed as a 

 peasant, inco- 

 herent of 

 speech and 

 holding in his 

 hand a letter 

 professedly 

 written by a 

 poor labourer 

 who said that 

 the boy had 



been deposited 



years before, 



Kaspar Hauser, wild 

 boy of Nuremberg 



From a contemp. print 



at his door, 16 

 by an unknown person, and that 

 he had brought him up in strict 

 confinement. At first he was im- 

 prisoned, but subsequently his 

 education was undertaken by the 

 city and by Earl Stanhope, and 

 eventually he became a clerk. He 

 died at Ansbach, where he had been 

 sent to be educated, Dec. 17, 1833, 

 from a wound in the left breast, 

 which, he said, had been inflicted 

 by his early custodian. Whether 

 he was impostor or victim has 

 never been determined. 



Haussmann, GEORGES EUGENE, 

 BARON (1809-91). French admini- 

 strator. Born in Paris, March 27, 

 1809, his 

 family was, 

 as the name 

 suggests, o f 

 German e x - 

 traction. Edu- 

 cated in Paris, 

 he entered the 

 civil service, in 

 which he made 



good progress. In 1849 he was made 

 prefect of \ 7 ar, and in 1853 prefect 

 of the Seine; there he became 

 famous as the rebuilder of Paris. 



