HAUTBOY 



3875 



HAUTE-VIENNE 



Much of the city was remodelled by 

 him, his improvements including 

 the planning of the Bois de Bou- 

 logne and of extensive boulevards. 

 He also built bridges and provided 

 Paris with a new system of water 

 supply and sewerage. In 1870, 

 owing partly to the expenditure he 

 had incurred, he was dismissed. 

 In 1877 he entered the Chamber 

 of Deputies as deputy for Ajaecio. 

 and he died in Paris, Jan. 11, 1891. 

 The Boulevard Haussmann pre- 

 serves his name, and he wrote 

 Memoirs, published in 1890-93. 



Hautboy (Fr. hautbois, high- 

 wood ; Ital. oboe; Ger. Hoboe ; 

 Old Eng. hoboy). Wood-wind 

 instrument consisting of a conical 

 tube, with side holes, as in the 

 clarinet and flute. It is played ver- 

 tically with a double reed, and it 

 first " overblows " at the octave. 

 The useful compass of the ordinary 

 treble hautboy is 



b~C7 Or 



Bflat 



t)~O" to D 



B 



and good players 

 command a few 

 semitones higher. 

 The tone of the haut- 

 boy is reedy, with a 

 peculiar nasal ring, 

 very pleasant at 'its 

 best, harsh when 

 forced. The hautboys 

 were amongst the 

 earliest of wind in- 

 struments to secure 

 permanent places in 

 the stringed orchestra, 

 and in the Handel 

 period (1685-1759) 

 they were used in 

 masses, like the 

 strings. The modern 

 orchestra employs two 

 or three, playing inde- 

 pendent parts. 



An alto hautboy, 

 a minor third lower in 

 pitch, is known as 

 oboe d'amore ; a tenor 



1| instrument, a fifth 

 1 o w e r, is the cor 

 anglais. Bach used 

 .' the oboe d'amore a 

 I good deal, and also a 

 tenor oboe di caccia, 

 of the same pitch as 

 the cor anglais ; but 

 some authorities con- 

 sider the oboe di caccia 

 to have been a high-pitched bas- 

 soon Bather than a low-pitched 

 hautbo} 7 ; See Bassoon. 



Haute - Garonne. Dept. of 

 France. In the S.W. of the coun- 

 try, it is on the borders of Spain. 



Hautboy, 

 military 

 model 



Its area is 2,457 sq. m. In the S., 

 where the Pyrenees enter it, the 

 dept. is mountainous, having peaks 

 over 10,000 ft. high ; in the N. it is 

 hilly. The chief river is the Gar- 

 onne, which flows right through it ; 

 others are the Salut, Ariege, and 

 Save. The Canal du Midi also runs 

 through the dept. Much land is 

 covered by forests, but in the lower 

 areas the soil is fertile, and wheat, 

 maize, and vines are grown, also 

 fruit. Mineral springs abound, 

 the chief being the Bagneres-de- 

 Luchon. Toulouse is the chief town 

 and the dept. is divided into four 

 arrondissements. Pop. 432,100. 



Haute-Loire. Dept. of France. 

 In the south-central part of the 

 country, its area is 1,930 sq. m. 

 It includes the mts. of the Ce- 

 vennes, Vivarais, Velay, and other 

 ranges. The Loire is the chief river, 

 others being the Allier, Borne, 

 and Lignon. Much of the land 

 is covered with trees ; the soil is 

 not very fertile, and the cereals 

 grown are chiefly the coarser kinds, 

 rye, oats, etc. "Cattle, goats, etc., 

 are reared, and some coal is mined. 

 Le Puy is the chief town, and the 

 dept. is divided into three arron- 

 dissements. Before 1790 most of 

 Haute-Loire was in the province of 

 Languedoc. Pop. 303,800. 



Haute-Marne. Dept. of France. 

 It is contiguous with the depts. of 

 Aube, Marne, Meuse, Vosges, 

 Haute-Saone, and Cote d'Or, and 

 was formerly part of the province 

 of Champagne. Towards the S., 

 the plateau of Langres and the 

 Mont's Faucilles form a hilly region, 

 rising at points to over 1,600. ft. 

 The river Marne rises in this part 

 and flows in a northerly direction 

 through the dept., other rivers 

 being the Blaise, Rognon, Saulx, 

 and the upper reaches of the Aube. 



Cereals are widely grown, and 

 the large woods, the vineyards, and 

 grazing land are of importance. 

 There are extensive industries in 

 connexion with iron-foundries, cut- 

 lery, etc. The capital is Chaumont 

 (q.v, ), and the notable towns are 

 Langres, St. Dizier, Wassy, Nogent, 

 and the watering-place, Bour- 

 bonne-les-Bains. There are three 

 arrondissements in the dept. Area, 

 2,420 sq. m. Pop. 214,800. 



Hautes- Alpes. Dept. of France. 

 It is contiguous with the depts. of 

 Savoie, Isere, Drome, and Basses- 

 Alpes, and is bounded on the E. by 

 the Italian frontier. It is entirely 

 mountainous, its highest point 

 being the Barre des Ecrins 13,460 

 ft., and has no important indus- 

 tries, and only agriculture on a 

 small scale here and there. The 

 rivers Durance and Buech rise in 

 the dept., and there are many small 

 nit. toi rents. There are three 



arrondissements, with Cap as tl.e 

 capital,other towns being Briancon, 

 St. Bonnet, Embrun, and Aspres. 

 Area, 2,178 sq. m. Pop. 105,100. 



Haute-Saone. Dept. of France. 

 In the E. of the country, its area 

 is 2,075 sq. m. In the N.E. are the 

 Vosges Mts., with the Ballon de 

 Servance, 4,000 ft. high. The 

 chief river is the Saone ; others 

 are its tributaries, the Amance, 

 Salon, and Ognon. The dept. is 

 an agricultural area. In addition 

 to the usual cereals of the tem- 

 perate zone, the vine and fruit are 

 grown, while many cattle are 

 reared. A good deal of the land, 

 however, is forest. The dept. is 

 divided into three arrondissements. 

 V 7 esoul is the capital ; other places 

 are Gray, Hericourt, St. Remy, and 

 Plancher les Mines. Pop. 257,600. 



Haute-Savoie. Dept. of France. 

 In the S.E. of the country, it is 

 on the frontier of both Switzer- 

 land and Italy. Its area is 1,775 

 sq. m. It is a mountainous region, 

 containing Mont Blanc, and is 

 consequently not very fertile. 

 There is, however, a certain 

 amount of agriculture in the val- 

 leys, and many sheep are pastured. 

 In parts of the dept. the vine is 

 grown, and white wines are pro- 

 duced. Annecy is the chief town, 

 and the dept. is divided into four 

 arrondissements. The principal 

 rivers are the Arve and other tribu- 

 taries of the Rhone. Herein are 

 Chamonix and other tourist cen- 

 tres ; also one side of the Lake of 

 Geneva. Haute Savoie has only 

 been French since 1860, being part 

 of the land obtained after the 

 war against Austria. Before then 

 it was in the duchy of Savoj'. 

 Pop. 255,137. 



Hautes-Pyrenees. Dept. of 

 France. It is contiguous with the 

 depts. of Basses-Pyrenees, Gers, 

 Haute-Garonne, and is bounded on 

 the S. by the Spanish frontier. The 

 southern part is extremely moun- 

 tainous, embracing a large part of 

 the central Pyrenees, but the flat 

 country N. of Tarbes is fertile, 

 bearing good crops of cereals, vines, 

 and fruit. The chief rivers are the 

 upper reaches of the Adour, Gave 

 de Pau, Bai'se, Gers, and Neste 

 d' Aure. Tarbes is the capital, other 

 towns of note being Lourdes, 

 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, Lannemezon, 

 Luz, Vic, and Maubourguet. The 

 grand mountain scenery attracts 

 many visitors ; Gavamie, on the 

 upper Gave de Pau, has the 

 finest of the Pyrenean cirques, or 

 vast natural amphitheatres. Area, 

 1,750 sq. m. Pop. 206,000. 



Haute-Vienne. Dept. of France. 

 It is contiguous with the depts. of 

 Vienne, Indre, Creuze, Correze, 

 Dordogne, and Charente, and is 



