HAWTHORN 



3885 



HAY 



Hawthorn. Suburb of E. Mel- of the ravages made by a secret 



bourne, Australia. Pop. 27,795. sin of adultery in the hearts and 



See Melbourne. consciences of husband, wife, and 



Hawthornden. Village of Mid- lover. This fine work of imagina- 



lothian. It is 8 m. S.E. of Edin- tion, wrought with the felicity of 



burgh, and is a station on the N.B. phrasing and exquisite rhythm that 



Rly. It is famous for its beautiful set its author high among writers 



glen, through which the Esk flows, of prose, was followed in 1851 by 



and for the fact that the house The House of the Seven Gables, 



here was long the seat of the Drum- 

 monds. See Drummond, W. 

 Hawthorne, CHARLES WEBSTER 



a story of the decay of a family 



doomed to bear an hereditary curse. 



In 1852 Hawthorne brought out 



(b. 1872). American artist. Born The Blithedale Romance, a satire 



in Maine, Hawthorne studied art on those reformers who, lacking 



at the National Academy of De- human nature themselves, think 



sign, and worked for a time in they can ameliorate it in others. 



Europe. He taught drawing and In 1860 appeared his fourth and 



painting in New York and at a last romance, Transformation, or 



summer school near Princeton, 

 Mass., and is well known in America 

 for his clever portrait work and 

 skilful renderings of domestic and 

 out-of-doors life. Examples of his 

 work are to be seen at the Metro- 

 politan Museum, New York. 



Hawthorne, NATHANIEL (1804- 

 64). American novelist. Born at 

 Salem, Massachusetts, July 4, 1804, 

 .,_,-.......... his ancestors 



The Marble Faun. He died at Ply- 

 mouth, New Hampshire, May 19, 

 1864. He had held appointments 

 under the American Government 

 at Boston, Salem, and at Liver- 

 pool, England. See Concord ; 

 Emerson ; consult also Works, ed. 

 G. P. Lathrop, 13 vols., 1893-94; 

 Life, J. Hawthorne, 1885 ; Memories 

 of Hawthorne, R. H. Lathrop, 1897. 

 Hawtrey, SIR CHARLES (1858- 

 being among 1923). British actor. B. Sept. 21, 

 the first set- 1858, he was educated at Eton and 

 Rugby, his first appearance being 

 in 1881 at the Prince of Wales's 

 Theatre, under the name of Bankes. 

 In 1884 he produced The Private 

 Secretary, a comparative failure 

 until he transferred it to the Globe 

 Theatre and himself played the 

 P art * Douglas Cattermole, when 

 it achieved an 

 extraordinary 



tiers, he was 

 educated at 

 Bowdoin Col- 

 lege, in Bruns- 

 wick, Maine, 

 where he made 

 the acquaint- 



^M /feuK&r^ ^ 



fellow. From 1825-39 he lived 



almost as a recluse, publishing success and 



his first book of short stories, ran until 1886. 



Twice Told Tales, in 1837. In 1842 In 1885 he 



he brought out a second series, became mana- 



later volumes of stories being g e r of Her 



Mosses from an Old Manse, 1846, Majesty's and 



and The Snow Image and Other in 1887 he 



Tales, 1851. Many of these stories took over the 



are tinged with that preoccupation manage m e n t Sir Charles Hawtrey, 



with sin, conscience, and evil which ol'The Comedy. British actor 



was the emotional residuum of the In 1901 he fouiiham * sanfieid 



author's Puritan ancestry. went to New York and appeared in 



In 1850 appeared his master- A Message from Mars, which he 



piece, The Scarlet Letter, a study brought to London in 1905. He pro- 

 duced many suc- 

 cessful plays, and 

 acquired great 

 popularity. 

 Knighted in 1922, 

 he died July 30, 

 1923. 



Hawtrey, ED- 

 WARD CRAVEN 

 (1789-1862). 

 Headmaster o f 

 Eton. Born at 

 Burnham, Bucks, 

 May 7, 1789, his 

 father was a 

 clergyman. H e 

 was educated at 



Hawtborne. The Old Manse, Concord, Mass., where Eton and K^g' 8 

 Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote Mosses from an Old Manse College, Cam- 



Edward C. Hawtrey, 

 Headmaster of Eton 



bridge, and after taking his degree 

 became an assistant master at 

 Eton, Keate then being the head. 

 In 1834 Haw- 

 t r e y was 

 elected head- 

 master, and he 

 showed himself 

 one of the 

 greatest the 

 school had 

 ever had. The 

 buildings were 

 enlarged, the 

 chapel was 

 restored, and several reforms were 

 carried out. In 1852 he resigned 

 and was chosen provost of Eton. 

 He became vicar of Mapledurham, 

 and died Jan. 27, 1862. 



Hay AND HAYMAKING. Hay is 

 the dry fodder made from grass, 

 clover, or other herbage. It may 

 be grown on either permanent or 

 temporary grass lands (see Grass). 

 The average percentage compo- 

 sition is as follows, that of grass 

 being added for purposes of com- 

 parison. ( 1 ) Meadow Hay : water 

 17'90 ; albuminoids 7 '25 ; digesti- 

 ble carbohydrates 46'13 ; fibre 

 22-62 ; ash 6'10. (2) Clover Hay : 

 water 18'60 ; albuminoids 12'50 ; 

 digestible carbohydrates 36 '33 ; 

 fibre 25 -65; ash 6 '92. (3) Grass : 

 water 73'67 ; albuminoids 2'15 ; 

 digestible carbohydrates 15 '02 ; 

 fibre 7-36; ash 1'80. 



Hay is one of the most important 

 feeding-stuffs produced on the 

 farm, making up part of the rations 

 given to horses, cattle, and sheep, 

 especially during the winter. Hay- 

 making is one of the most critical 

 farming operations, being depend- 

 ent on the weather, and consider- 

 able importance is attached to 

 weather forecasts, which the Board 

 of Agriculture supplies by wire. 

 As it is the object to secure the 

 nutriment in the stems and leaves, 

 cutting must be done before the 

 seeds have been formed. 



Although the scythe is not obso- 

 lete, most of the hay crop is cut by 

 the mowing machine, in swathes of 

 from 4 ft. to 8 ft. long (see Scythe ; 

 Mowing Machine). These have to 

 be spread out or turned over 

 ("tedded"). The hay kicker or 

 tedder lifts the hay and spreads it 

 out to dry, much after the style 

 of the hand-fork. The haymaking 

 machine consists of a number of 

 curved tines attached to an axle 

 and caused to revolve rapidly. 

 When they do so one way, the herb- 

 age is thrown over the machine 

 on to the ground ; if the action is 

 reversed, the hay is turned over. 

 The latter process can be effected 

 by a swathe turner, which deposits 

 the turned herbage on the dry 

 spaces between the swathes. 



