HAY 



3886 



HAY-BOX 



Before special machines were in- 

 vented the made hay was dragged 

 by wooden rakes into a series of 

 wind-rows, subsequently forked 

 into haycocks as a protection 

 against rain, and also for conve- 

 nience in carrying. The former 

 part of this process is now gener- 

 ally carried out by a horse -rake, 

 consisting of a series of long curved 

 tines that can be lifted up to drop 

 the hay in a wind-row from time to 

 time. These rows are at right 

 angles to the line of progress, but 

 some machines have a side-delivery 

 arrangement for depositing the hay 

 in a continuous wind-row parallel 

 to the direction of movement. 



The carrying of the hay when 

 ready is facilitated by a number 

 of mechanical devices. If the rick 

 is to be made in the same field, 

 much labour is saved by using a 

 sweep rake. This consists of a two- 

 wheeled wooden frame 14 ft. wide, 

 provided with long tines that are 

 thrust forwards under the hay. 

 The driver is seated at the back, 

 and there is a horse on each side. 

 When the rick is to be made at 

 some distance, the hay is carried in 

 carts, which may be rilled by a hay 

 loader. A stacker or elevator is often 

 used for conveying the hay from 

 the carts to the top of the rick. 



In building up a rick or stack 

 special attention is paid to the 

 " walls," which must be plumb. 

 The fermentation necessary to 

 secure a good product involves the 

 exclusion of air, so the hay, as 

 added to the rick, must be evenly 

 spread and well trampled down. 

 The centre must be somewhat 

 raised, or water may drain in from 

 the outside. Hay should be dry 

 when stacked, otherwise there will 

 be over-fermentation, which will 

 result in inferior quality, and may 

 even generate enough heat to set 

 the rick on fire. To avoid risk the 

 temperature should be tested 

 occasionally by a thermometer ; 

 all goes well up to about 140 F., 

 but the rick must be opened out to 

 check fermentation by admission 

 of air if 150 F. is reached. See 

 Barn ; Farm ; Harvest. 



Hay. River of Canada, in the 

 prov. of Alberta and the N.W. 

 Territories. Rising on the frontier 

 of British Columbia and Alberta, 

 it flows N.E. and N. through Lake 

 Hay, and discharges into the S. 

 extremity of the Great Slave Lake. 

 On it there are two magnificent 

 cataracts, one of them, the Alex- 

 ander, falling over 250 ft. Its course 

 is about 352 m. 



Hay. Township of New South 

 Wales. It stands on the Murrum- 

 bidgee river, 460 m. W.S.W. of 

 Sydney. It is the centre of the rich 

 Hiverina district. Pop. 2,461. 



Ian Hay, 

 Scottish novelist 



Hay, IAN (b. 1876). Pen-name of 

 John Hay Beith, Scottish novelist. 

 Born April 17. 1876, he was edu- 

 cated at Fettes 

 College and S. 

 John's College, 

 Cambridge. 

 Having gradu- 

 ated, he be- 

 came language 

 master at his 

 old school, but 

 soon began to 

 write In 

 1 907 appeared 

 R^eii Pip> which was 



followed by The Right Stuff, 

 1908; A Man's Man, 1909; A 

 Safety Match, 1911 ; Happy Go 

 Lucky, 1913 ; A Knight on Wheels, 

 1914'; and The Lighter Side of 

 School Life, 1914. His books have 

 a masculine vigour, are impreg- 

 nated with the public school atmo- 

 sphere, and abound in humour. 



In 1914 he joined the Argyll and 

 Sutherland Highlanders, with a 

 battalion of which he went to 

 France, when he became captain 

 and won the M.C. This early experi- 

 ence gave him the material for his 

 book, The First Hundred Thous- 

 and, a vivid description of the 

 training of a Highland battalion, 

 predominantly humorous in tone, 

 but containing passages of real 

 pathos. After this appeared Carry 

 On. a Sequel to The First Hundred 

 Thousand, 1917, and The Last 

 Million, 1919. His play, Tilly of 

 Bloomsbury, an adaptation of 

 Happy Go Lucky, was produced at 

 the Apollo Theatre in 1919. In 

 1921 The Safety Match, a drama- 

 . tisation of his novel of the same 

 name, was produced at The Strand. 



Hay, JOHN (1838-1905). Ameri- 

 can diplomatist, journalist, and 

 author. Born a.t Salem, Indiana. 

 Oct. 8, 1838, he 

 was called to 

 the bar in 1861 

 He was assist- 

 ant pri vate 

 s e c r e tary to 

 President 

 Lincoln, 1861- 

 65, and was for 

 some time 

 editor of The 

 New York 

 Tribune. After 

 filling several 

 diplomatic 

 posts in Eu- 

 rope, he was 

 ambassador to Great Britain, March 

 19, 1897-Sept. 20, 1898, and after- 

 wards secretary of state under 

 McKinlay and Roosevelt until his 

 death. His tenure of office was 

 highly successful, especially in the 

 department of foreign affairs. He 

 was instrumental in securing the 



Japanese statesman 



Elliott & Fry 



"'open door" in China, 1899; ne- 

 gotiated the Hay- Pauncefote treaty. 

 1901, dealing with the construction 

 of the Panama Canal ; settled the 

 Alaska boundary dispute between 

 Canada and the U.S.A., 1903, and 

 carried through more than 50 

 treaties, the result of which was to 

 increase the prestige of America 

 throughout the world. He died at 

 Newburg, New York, July 1, 1905. 

 Hay's chief works are : Abraham 

 Lincoln (with J. G. Nicolay), 1890. 

 the standard life of the President, 

 and Pike County Ballads, 1871 

 See Life, L. Sears, 1914. 



Hayashi, COUNT TADASU (1850- 

 1913). Japanese statesman. Born 

 at Sakura. Jan. 22, 1850, he was 

 educated i n 

 England and 

 entered the 

 Japanese 

 diplomatic ser- 

 vice. Occupy- 

 ing a post in 

 the foreign 

 office, 1891-95, 

 1 lie was ap- 

 pointed minis- 

 Count Hayashi, ter to China in 



the latter year, 

 and from 1897- 

 99 represented Japan in Russia. In 

 1900 he was made ambassador to 

 London, where his diplomacy and 

 statesmanship were evinced by the 

 treaties between Great Britain and 

 Japan, which he carried through in 

 1 902 and 1905. Returning to Japan 

 as foreign minister, 1906-8, he held 

 the portfolio of commerce from 1 91 1 

 until his death, July 10, 1913. A 

 namesake, Baron Gonsuke Hayashi 

 (b. 1860), became ambassador in 

 London, Sept., 1920, after having 

 held various high positions at home. 



Haybes. Town of France, in the 

 dept. of Ardennes, S. of Civet. 

 Burnt and reduced to ruins by the 

 Germans on Aug. 24, 1914, it was 

 "adopted" by Stockport in 1920, 

 under the arrangement by which a 

 number of British towns undertook 

 to help in the re-establishment of 

 French and Belgian towns and vil- 

 lages devastated in the Great War. 



Hay-Box Cookery. Fireless 

 cooking in which tightly packed 

 hay conserves the heat and con- 

 tinues the process of cooking food 

 which has already been brought to 

 the boil on a fire. An old practice, it 

 is largely employed in Norway and 

 Sweden and the" U.S.A., while it is 

 also gaining favour in Great 

 Britain. The apparatus consists ot 

 a large wooden box or trunk lined 

 stoutly with paper and filled with 

 hay. A cushion of blanket or flannel 

 stuffed tightly with hay exactly fit- 

 the top of the box, and the lined 

 lid of the latter presses down on to 

 it. The food is brought to the boil 



