HAYDN 



and cooked for a few minutes on 

 the fire in a covered fireproof vessel, 

 which is then wrapped in a news- 

 paper or piece of flannel and put at 

 once into the box. The hay is 



Hay-box Cookery. The box with 

 utensils and close-fitting lid 



packed around and over it, the 

 cushion placed on the top, and the 

 lid, pressed down with weights, 

 keeps all secure and excludes the 

 air. After removal from the hay 

 box, the food is again brought to 

 the boil on the fire. 



An improved apparatus has a lid 

 to the box made of two skins of 

 sheet iron or aluminium, with 

 asbestos packing between. This 

 forms a better non-conductor of 

 heat than hay. Flat, round irons 

 about | in. in thickness, heated 

 and placed one beneath and one 

 on the top of the vessel in the 

 box, help to retain the heat to a 

 greater degree and impart a uni- 

 formly thorough action. By this 

 method of cookery fuel is saved and 

 the volume of the food is less 

 reduced than when fire is wholly 

 employed. The process is much 

 slower, the time varying from one 

 to six hours and more, according to 

 the nature of the article cooked. 

 The hay box may be used as a 

 refrigerator, for, as it conserves 

 heat, so in the same way will it 

 keep food cool. See Cookery. 



Haydn, FRANZ JOSEPH (1732- 

 1809). Austrian composer. The 

 son of a wheelwright, he was born 

 at Rohrau, near Vienna, March 31, 

 1732. He became a chorister in S. 

 Stephen's Cathedral, V 7 ienna, where 

 he obtained his early musical train- 

 ing, and after leaving there gained 

 a precarious living by teaching. 

 I 



He managed, however, to devote 

 much time to study and composi- 

 tion, and in order to persuade 

 Porpora (q.v.), the great teacher of 

 singing, to give him the benefit of 

 his instruction, he entered his ser- 

 vice as accompanist and valet. 



Haydn's compositions and his 

 connexion with Porpora having 

 brought him into notice, he was 

 appointed in 1759 director of the 

 private band of Count Morzin, and 

 shortly afterwards composed his 

 first orchestral symphony. In 1761 

 he entered the service of Prince 

 Anton Esterhazy, and on his death 

 continued with his brother Nicholas. 

 Eventually he 

 became direc- 

 tor of the 

 music of the 

 prince's pri- 

 vate chapel, 

 and had under 

 his control an 

 orchestra and 

 a choir. This 

 gave him un- _0 

 rivalled oppor- -^_/ 

 t u n i t i e s for 

 studying the rrom*pMi*t 

 possibilities of the orchestra. 



On the death of Prince Ester- 

 liazy in 1790, Haydn was per- 

 suaded to visit England, and the 

 success of this visit induced him 

 to pay a second in 1794. During 

 these visits he composed some of 

 his finest symphonies. His ora- 

 torio, The Creation, was produced 

 at Vienna in 1798, and The Seasons 

 in 1801. Haydn's importance in 

 the history of music is due to the 

 character of his numerous instru- 

 mental works. The best of these 

 are much more mature in style and 

 definite in form and show more 

 skill in the treatment of the or- 

 chestra than the works of earlier 

 composers. 



The total volume of Haydn's 

 work is very great ; there are about 

 150 symphonies, 77 quartets, and 

 some 40 trios, with a large body of 

 religious music and songs. But he 

 was not, according to his own ac- 

 count, a quick worker, and yet 

 scarcely ever is the freshness and 

 clarity of his inspiration affected by 

 his deliberate methods of work. The 

 famous national anthem of Austria, 

 also familiar as a hymn-tune, was 

 composed in Vienna in 1797. He 

 died in Vienna, May 31, 1809. 



Haydock. Urban district ot 

 Lancashire. It is 3 in. S.E. of St. 

 Helens, having a station on the 

 G.C.R. The chief industries are 

 coalmining and ironfounding. Race 

 meetings are held in Haydock 

 Park. Pop. 9,700. 



Haydon, BENJAMIN ROBERT 

 (1786-1840). British painter and 

 author. Born at Plymouth, Jan. 



26, 1786, he studied at the R.A. 

 schools. His Death of Dentatus, 

 1809, and Judgment of Solomon, 

 1814, won prizes from the British 

 Institution, 

 but Haydon, 

 at this time, 

 jeopardised p- ^ 

 his prospects 

 by quarrelling 

 with the Acad- 

 emy. After a 

 stormy career, 

 during which 

 he was twice 

 imprisoned for 



debt, he Was AJlerO. M. Zor,,lin 



ignored in the Westminster Hall 

 competition of 1843 his own idea 

 and failed with an exhibition of 

 his own works at the Egyptian 

 Hall in 1846, the result being that 

 he committed suicide in his studio, 

 June 22, 1846. 



Haydon' s work as an historical 

 painter was far above the level of 

 his time, although somewhat hard 

 and repellent. One may cite his 

 Christ's Entry into Jerusalem, 

 1820; Wellington at Waterloo, 

 1839 ; Banishment of Aristides, 

 1846 ; Nero playing during the 

 burning of Rome, 1846. He was 

 the author of an autobiography, 

 published by his widow in 1847 ; 

 Lectures on Painting and Design, 

 1844, and other books on art. 



Hayes. Urban dist. of Middle- 

 sex, England. It is 11 m. W. of 

 Paddington and 1 m. N. of Hayes 

 and Harlington station on the 

 G. W.R., with the Paddington Canal 

 on the E. and the Grand Junction 

 Canal on the S. Gramophones, 

 printing presses, aeroplanes, sea- 

 planes, and pianos are made. 



The manor, before the time of 

 Henry VIII, belonged to the see 

 of Canterbury. The parish church 

 of S. Mary, restored in 1873-74, 

 has a 13th century tower, a 16th 

 century wooden roof to the nave, 

 a lych gate, and some interesting 

 monuments. The rectory is on the 

 site of the old manor house. N.E. 

 is Yeading, a brickmaking centre ; 

 N.W. is Dawley Court, once the 

 home of Bolingbroke, and later that 

 of the De Salis family. At Botwell, 

 to the S., are marble, granite, and 

 slate works. 



Hayes. Parish and village of 

 Kent, England. It is situated on the 

 slope of a hill and the edge of a 

 common, 15 m. from Charing Cross, 

 between West Wickham and Wood- 

 side, on a branch of the S.E. & C. 

 Rly. Hayes Place, near the church, 

 was the favourite residence of the 

 1st earl of Chatham, who died here, 

 and the birthplace of his son. i 

 William Pitt. General Wolfe dined 

 here on the eve of his departure for 

 Quebec. The Early English church 



