HEAD RESISTANCE 



3895 



HEANOR 



to the central offices of the board 

 of management, whence the busi- 

 ness can be run in all its ramifi- 

 cations. See Staff. 



Head Resistance. Air resist- 

 ance encountered by aircraft, 

 whether heavier-than-air or lighter- 

 than-air, in flight (q.v.). The pres- 

 sure in front and the suction behind 

 both enter into head resistance. 

 To counteract it every flying ma- 

 chine and airship, and as many 

 exposed parts, fittings, etc., are 

 stream-lined as far as possible. 



Headrigg, CUDDIE (CUTHBERT). 

 Character in Scott's novel Old 

 Mortality, the ploughman at Tillie- 

 tudlem (Craignethan Castle), who 

 enters the service of the hero 

 Henry Morton. He shoots the 

 turncoat, Basil Olifant, and so 

 restores Lady Margaret Bellenden 

 to her fortune and castle, and him- 

 self to his original cottage. 



Head Voice. Highest part of a 

 human voice, so called because the 

 sensation is as of sounds origin- 

 ating in the upper part of the head. 

 The term is sometimes used syn- 

 onymously with Falsetto (q.v.). 

 See Chest Voice ; Singing ; Voice. 



Health. Sound condition of the 

 entire animal organism in which 

 all the organs function perfectly. 

 The word preserves the A.S. 

 hnelth, as to heal preserves Melan, 

 both from hdl, hale, safe or 

 sound. (See Public Health ; Insur- 

 ance, National Health.) 



The widespread custom of 

 drinking healths derives from the 

 ancient religious ceremony of pour- 

 ing libations to the gods, originally 

 at the time of offering sacrifice, and 

 afterwards on solemn occasion^, as 

 at ceremonial feasts. This custom 

 was practised by the Greeks and 

 Romans, and with other heathen 

 customs was adapted to their own 

 use by many Christianised peoples. 

 The heathen tribute of honour to 

 the gods, followed by one to the 

 memory of the dead, became among 

 Christians invocations to God and 

 to the saints. From thought of the 

 blessed dead it was a natural tran- 

 sition to tender thought of absent 

 but living friends, and from them 

 again to the friends present in the 

 flesh. 



The same sacramental aspect of 

 the wine -cup is seen in the ancient 

 custom of princes and knights 

 pledging mutual amity by drinking 

 to the health of one another. In 

 course of time the formality lost 

 much of its significance, and in the 

 1 7th, 18th, and 19th centuries the 

 merely social custom became so 

 tyrannical in the strictness of its 

 etiquette, to say nothing of the 

 extravagant absurdities attendant 

 upon the proposal of a toast (q.v. ), 

 that by common consent the toast- 



list, or number of healths formally 

 drunk at banquets, has now been 

 reduced to the narrowest limits. 



Still, however, traces survive of 

 long-ago days when the pledge of 

 friendship symbolised by drinking 

 to mutual health was not exchanged 

 without mutual suspicion. Thus 

 the glass bottom to a pewter mug 

 provides the drinker with oppor- 

 tunity of watching for a stealthy 

 blow ; and when the loving-cup is 

 passed round, one guest holds the 

 cover in his dagger-hand while his 

 neighbour drinks to him, or if the 

 cup be lidless, the guest who 

 drinks is guarded on either hand 

 by his next neighbour, all three 

 standing simultaneously. 



Health, BOARD OF. Board estab- 

 lished by the Public Health Act of 

 1848, its duties being to supervise 

 the various measures for protecting 

 the health of the people. In 1854 

 it was reorganized, but came to an 

 end in 1858, when much of its work 

 was transferred to the home office. 

 In 1871 this passed to the new 

 local government board, which 

 remained the central authority for 

 matters affecting the health of the 

 people until it was abolished in 

 1919, being superseded by the 

 ministry of health. 



Health, BOARD or. Public de- 

 partment in Scotland. It is the suc- 

 cessor of the Scottish local govern- 

 ment board, and was established in 

 1919 at the same time as the minis- 

 try of health in England and Wales. 

 It also took over on July 1,1919, the 

 staff and the duties of the national 

 health insurance commission for 

 Scotland. The secretary for Scot- 

 land is the president of the board, 

 and the offices are at 125, George 

 Street, Edinburgh. The depart- 

 ment of the ministry of health 

 that looks after the affairs of 

 Wales is also known as a board of 

 health. 



Health, MINISTRY OF. Depart- 

 ment of the British civil service. 

 The Act establishing it was passed 

 early in 1919, and on July 1 of 

 that year the ministry took over 

 the duties formerly performed by 

 the local government board, and 

 the work of the national health in- 

 surance commission, with their 

 staffs ; also certain duties with 

 regard to the health of the children 

 from the board of education, and 

 others formerly discharged by the 

 privy council. Its authority is con- 

 fined to England and Wales. Its 

 head is a minister, with a salary of 

 5,000 a year. Other officials are a 

 parliamentary secretary, a politi- 

 cian, and a permanent staff under 

 a secretary. It employs a large 

 staff of medical men. The offices 

 are in Whitehall, London, S.W. 

 See Local Government Board. 



Timothy M. Healy, 

 Irish politician 



Russell 



Health Visitor. Name given to 

 persons whose duty it is to see that 

 the laws about the public health 

 and sanitary conditions are en- 

 forced. Some are voluntary, work- 

 ing under societies for the promo- 

 tion of public health, of which 

 there are a large number in Eng- 

 land and Wales. For instance, in 

 1910 no less than 13 societies were 

 represented at a conference. Paid 

 health visitors are now employed 

 by most of the large municipalities 

 and work under the medical officer 

 of health. Their duties, like those 

 of the voluntary workers, are con- 

 cerned with housing conditions, 

 the care of infants and mothers, 

 and other matters affecting public 

 health. See Public Health. 



Healy, TIMOTHY MICHAEL (b. 

 1855). Irish politician. The son of 

 Maurice Healy of Bantry, he was 

 called to the 

 Irish bar in 

 1884. He had 

 already en- 

 tered the 

 House of Com- 

 mons in 1880 

 as Nationalist 

 M.P. for Wex- 

 ford, and he 

 remained 

 therein until 

 his retirement 

 from politics in 1918, sitting for co. 

 Monaghan, 1883-85; S. London- 

 derry, 1885-86; N. Longford, 

 1887-92; N. Louth, 1892-1910; 

 and N.E. Cork, 1910-18. 



Healy 's gifts as an orator, his 

 wit and independence soon made 

 him a prominent figure in Parlia 

 ment and in the Irish party. He 

 became an anti-Parnellite after the 

 split of 1890, but in 1900 he sup- 

 ported reunion under John Red- 

 mond. He was expelled from the 

 party in 1900, as he was opposed 

 to the United Irish League, but he 

 was readmitted in 1908, only, how- 

 ever, to be again turned out in 

 1910. In 1883 he served a term oi 

 imprisonment. He was made a 

 Q.C. in 1899 and called to th< 

 English bar in 1903. He became 

 first gor ^ftor-genera! of the Irish 

 Free State in Dec., 1922. His 

 brother Maurice was a Nationalist 

 M.P. from 1895 to 1900, aud 

 again from 1909-18, and a 

 nephew, Thomas Joseph, fron 

 1892-1900. 



Heanor. Urban dist. and market 

 town of Derbyshire. England. It 

 is 3 m. N.W. of Ilkeston and 

 is served by the Mid. and G.N. 

 Rlys. It stands on the Derby- 

 shire coalfield, and the industries 

 are coal-mining, iron-founding, 

 and the making of hosiery. Heanor 

 Hall is now a technical school. 

 Market day, Sat. Pop. 15,300. 



