HEARSE 



Hearse (Fr. herse, harrow). 

 Wheeled vehicle for carrying the 

 bodies of the dead to the place of 

 burial. Hearses range from a sim- 

 ple box-shaped cart to elaborate 

 glass-panelled, brass-railed, orna- 

 mented conveyances, topped with 

 black plumes. Originally a hearse 

 was a harrow-shaped framework for 

 holdingcandles in church, especially 



prominently in campaigns against 

 the trusts, achieved notoriety as 

 the exponent of an anti-British 

 policy, and was censured in 1906 

 by Roosevelt and Root for his part 

 in the campaign against McKinley. 

 He sat in Congress, 1903-7, for 

 the llth New York district, and 

 unsuccessfully fought for the 

 mayoralty of New York City in 



HEART 



annelid is little more than a 

 specialised blood-vessel. In fishes 

 the heart has one receiving cham- 

 ber, or auricle, and one expelling 

 chamber, or ventricle. The tad- 

 pole has a two -chambered heart, 

 whilst the frog's heart has two 

 auricles and one ventricle. 



The human heart is a hollow, 

 muscular orcran of roughly conical 



Hearse. Left, " open " vehicle with glass panels ; right, type of motor hearse 



at funeral services. It developed 

 into a gorgeous, decorated canopy, 

 holding candles, escutcheons, ban- 

 ners, epitaphs, verses, etc., especi- 

 ally for royalty and the nobility. 

 The term is still used for a bier, 

 coffin, or tomb, and in heraldry, 

 for a charge resembling a harrow 

 or portcullis. See Burial Customs. 

 Hearst, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD 

 (b. 1864). Canadian politician. 

 Born in Ontario, Feb. 15, 1864, he 

 studied for the law and practised in 

 the Sault Ste. Marie bar in 1888, 

 taking silk in 1908. In the latter 

 year he entered the legislature of 

 Ontario, and in 1911 was made 

 minister of lands, forests, and mines. 

 On the death of Sir J. P. Whitney 

 in 1914 he became premier of 

 Ontario, resigning in Nov., 1919. 

 He was knighted in 1917. 



Hearst, WILLIAM RANDOLPH (b. 

 1863). American newspaper pro- 

 prietor. Born at San Francisco, 

 son of Senator 

 George Hearst, 

 a Californian 

 mining mag- 

 nate, he, in 

 1886, secured 

 from his father 

 control of The 

 San Francisco 

 Examiner, and 

 W. R. Hearst, made it a re- 

 American newspaper mu nerative 

 proprietor propert y. In 



1 895 he bought The New YorkMorn- 

 ing Journal, ran it in opposition to 

 The New York World, renamed it 

 The New York American, and be- 

 came owner of similar " yellow " 

 journals in the leading cities of the 

 U.S.A. in addition to weekly and 

 monthly periodicals. He figured 



1905, and the governorship of New 

 York State in 1906. In 1916 the 

 British Government refused to 

 allow the International News Ser- 

 vice controlled by him to use the 

 cables from Great Britain. In the 

 same year the Canadian postmaster- 

 general prohibited the entrance of 

 the Hearst newspapers into Canada. 

 The embargo was withdrawn in the 

 spring of 1918. 



Heart. In anatomy, the chief 

 organ of the circulatory system of 

 the blood. It consists of a more or 



1 Arteries rising 

 from summit 

 of Aortic Arch 



Pulmonary 



Valve 



jrface 

 ofwallof 



Ventricle 



Kiahtf 

 ^Muscles 



Heart. Diagram showing left auri- 

 cle and left ventricle, and other 

 principal parts of the human heart 



less highly developed blood-vessel 

 or blood-vessels, and in the higher 

 forms of life is divided into cham- 

 bers with receiving and expelling 

 functions. Among invertebrates 

 and some of the lower vertebrates 

 the heart is either absent or ex- 

 tremely simple. The lancelet has no 

 heart, and the so-called heart of the 



shape, enclosed in a membranous 

 bag called the pericardium. It is 

 placed obliquely in the chest, with 

 the apex pointing towards the left, 

 about two-thirds of the organ being 

 to the left of the middle line. It lies 

 behind the middle part of the ster- 

 num or breast-bone, between the 

 lungs, and having behind it the 

 roots of the lungs, the oesophagus 

 or gullet, and the large blood-vessel 

 known as the descending aorta. 



The heart consists of two upper 

 chambers or auricles, and two 

 lower chambers or ventricles. The 

 walls of the auricles are compara- 

 tively thin ; those of the ventricles 

 are thick and muscular. The right 

 side of the heart is completely par- 

 titioned off from the left, but each 

 auricle communicates with the 

 ventricle of the same side. Into 

 the right auricle open the two 

 great veins, called the superior 

 vena cava and the inferior vena cava, 

 which return the blood from the 

 body to the heart. 



The right ventricle has two open- 

 ings in it ; the auriculo-ventri- 

 cular opening, through which the 

 blood from the right auricle passes 

 into the ventricle, and which is 

 guarded by the tricuspid valve 

 consisting of three cusps ; and the 

 opening of the pulmonary artery, 

 guarded by the semilunar valves. 

 The left auricle receives the four pul- 

 monary veins conveying the blood 

 from the lungs, and opens into the 

 left ventricle. The left ventricle has a 

 particularly strong muscular wall, 

 and receives blood from the left auri- 

 cle through the auriculo-ventricular 

 opening, which is guarded by the 

 mitral valve, consisting of two 

 flaps or cusps. From it springs the 



