HEAVEN 



wire ot some metal having a high 

 melting point and not liable to cor- 

 rode, a piece of earthenware, or a 

 slab of some specially prepared 

 material such as compressed mica. 



The simplest form of electric 

 neater is the common incandescent 

 or glow lamp, which not only gives 

 light but throws out also a very 

 appreciable amount of heat. From 

 the lamp maker's point of view this 

 is a disadvantage, and his aim is to 

 reduce the heat, which he regards 

 as a loss given out by the lamp. 

 Nevertheless very convenient elec- 

 tric heaters are now used which 

 are simply enlarged glow lamps. 



This type of heater is, however, 

 being displaced by more substan- 

 tial apparatus. A diagrammatic 

 section is here shown which illus- 

 trates the manner in which the 

 principle of electric resistance is 

 applied. In this view, A is the 

 frame of the heater, and is made 

 of stout metal bars with a perfor- 

 ated cross member at B which per- 

 mits currents of air to pass up- 

 wards when the heater is in use. 

 C is one of two switches by which 

 the current is put on or cut off ; 

 two switches are provided so that 

 the heater can be either half or 

 wholly in operation. D is one of a 

 series of coils of fine metal wire 

 laid upon an earthenware base E. 

 F is a guard of open wire mesh to 

 shield a passing garment from con- 

 tact with the heater when " alive." 



Current enters the apparatus at 

 G and passes away at H. The pas- 

 sage of the current almost instantly 

 raises the temperature of the long 

 coil to incandescence. Heat is radi- 

 ated from the coil in the first in- 

 stance, but the coil lying on the 

 earthenware base heats the latter, 

 which becomes a glowing mass and 

 in turn radiates heat into the room, 

 at the same time building up a store 

 of heat which continues to give out 

 warmth for some while after the 

 current has been cut off. 



Application to Domestic Uses 



In another similar form of heater 

 the wire coils are dispensed with, 

 the heating elements being strips of 

 high resistance metal embedded in 

 special earthenware. Every form of 

 domestic heating and cooking 

 utensil is now constructed for the 

 use of electricity as the heating 

 agent. In grills, toasters, hot-plates, 

 ovens, etc., the heating element is 

 usually an open wire coil which 

 attains a bright red heat, at which 

 temperature it is not affected by 

 the atmosphere. In small kettles, 

 saucepans, frying-pans, and flat 

 irons, an element in the form of a 

 small slab made of compressed mica 

 with a high -resistance wire or strip 

 embedded in it is largely used. 



A useful heating element is 



known as an immersion heater, and 

 is in the form of a rod of compressed 

 mica or earthenware with a high 



Heating. Electric beater shown in 

 section. For explanation see text 



resistance wire or strip inside. The 

 heater can be inserted in any pan 

 or other vessel containing water, 

 which it will rapidly heat, or boil if 

 the quantity be not too great. 



An interesting application of 

 electric heating is represented by 

 the electrically heated garments 

 worn by air pilots on long or high 

 flights or in cold weather. Small 

 heating elements are sewn into the 

 garment at various points, and even 

 into the backs of gloves. The cur- 

 rent is provided by a small dynamo 

 driven by the engine of the aero- 

 plane. See Cookery. 



Heaton. Parish of Northumber- 

 land, England. It is within the co. 

 bor. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, with 

 a station on the N.E.R. Many of 

 the inhabitants are engaged in the 

 neighbouring coal mines. Pop. 

 21,912. See Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 



Heating. Electric lamp type of beater 

 in common use 



Heaton. Common topographic 

 term in the Manchester dist., S.E 

 Lanes, England. Heaton Norris, 

 Heaton Mersey, Heaton Chapel, 

 Heaton Moor all lie S.E. of Man- 

 chester near the Mersey, and 

 are interested in the cotton indus- 

 try. Heaton Norris (pop. 11,240), 

 the largest of these places, is a 

 town and parish separated from 

 Stockport only by the Mersey, here 

 crossed by the L. & N.W. Rly, 

 viaduct and other bridges. Heaton 

 Park, area 1 sq. m., due N. of Man 

 Chester, in Prestwich parish, lor 

 merly the seat of the earls of Wil 

 ton, was bought by the Manchester 

 Corporation in 1902, and the fine 

 stone mansion now houses collec- 

 tions of pictures and Oriental arms 

 and armour. 



Heaton, SIR JOHN HENNIKKR 

 (1848-1914). British postal re- 

 former. Born at Rochester, and 

 educated at King's College, Lon- 

 don, he was Conservative M.P. for 

 Canterbury, 

 1885-1910, and 

 was created a 

 baronet in 

 1912. He had 

 large interests 

 in Australia 

 and, though 

 never holding 

 an official posi- 

 tion in the Gov- 

 ernment, he ac- 

 complished, as 

 a private mem- 

 ber, universal penny postage for 

 letters within the British Empire, 

 1898, penny postage between the 

 U.S.A. and the United Kingdom, 

 1908, money orders by telegraph 

 in Great Britain, and a parcel post 

 to France. He died Sept. 8, 1914. 



Heaven. Belief in a future life 

 is found in most primitive religions. 

 It assumes various forms, some of 

 which are inconsistent with the idea 

 of a happy state after death, or of 

 one which is appreciably better 

 than the present. Many primitive 

 conceptions of the future fife repre- 

 sent it as essentially inferior to the 

 present. Among such beliefs may 

 be noted specially the conviction 

 that the spirits of the dead linger 

 round the scenes of their earthly 

 existence, and the conception of 

 transmigration according to which 

 the soul of the departed enters into 

 another human or animal body. 



At this early stage of religious 

 development the prevailing notion 

 is that the life beyond the grave 

 bears a close resemblance to the 

 present life, and that the departed 

 continue their avocations in simi- 

 lar though perhaps improved con- 

 ditions. The entrance to the world 

 of the blessed depends upon the 

 favour of the gods, which is earned 



611 it. 

 Heaton, postal 

 reformer 



Elliott & Fry 



