HEBDOMADAL 



fustians, and there are also dye- 

 works and foundries. The council 

 owns the water and electricity 

 undertakings Pop. 7,170. 



Hebdomadal Council (Gr. hcb- 

 domos, seventh). In the university 

 of Oxford, a board appointed in 

 1631 to hold weekly meetings to 

 discuss matters affecting the gov- 

 ernment of the university, and sub- 

 mit legislative measures to convo- 

 cation. It is composed of the chan- 

 cellor, vice-chancellor, and proc- 

 tors, ex-ojficio, and of 18 other 

 members of the university, elected 

 by congregation, and sitting for six 

 years. Of these 18, six are heads 

 of houses, six professors, and six 

 members of convocation. See Ox- 

 ford University. 



Hebe (Gr., youth). In Greek 

 mythology, the goddess of youth. 

 She was the daughter of Zeus and 

 Hera, and was given in marriage to 

 Heracles when he became a god. 



3906 



Hebe, the goddess of youth, from a 

 statue by Thorwaldsen 



Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen 



She was the cup-bearer of the gods 

 before Ganymede (q.v. ). Her 

 Roman counterpart was Juventas, 

 who typified also the eternal youth 

 of the Roman state. See Canova. 

 Heber, REGINALD (1783-1826). 

 British prelate and hymn-writer. 

 He was born, April 21, 1783, at 

 Malpas, C h e- 

 shire, where his 

 father was 

 rector, and 

 educated a t 

 Brasenose Col- 

 lege, Oxford. 

 He won prizes 

 for the English 

 essay, and 

 Latin and 

 English verse, 

 the last named 

 poem, Palestine, 1803. 



Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire. View of the town from 

 Wood Top, a neighbouring hill 



From 1804 until 1807 he was a 

 fellow of All Souls. Having mar- 

 ried a daughter of Dr. Shipley, 

 dean of St. Asaph, he became in- 

 cumbent of Hodnet, Shropshire. 

 He was Bampton lecturer, 1815 ; 

 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, 1822 ; 

 and second bishop of Calcutta, 

 1822-26. He died Aprils, 1826, 

 at Trichinopoly. He was a man of 

 winning personality, distinguished 

 by devotion to duty. He wrote a 

 memoir, and edited the works, of 

 Jeremy Taylor, 1 822, and was the 

 author of a number of hymns, 

 including Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord 

 God Almighty, and From Green- 

 land's Icy Mountains. See Lives, 

 A. Heber, 1830, and G. Smith, 1895. 

 His half-brother, Richard Heber, 

 born at Westminster, Jan. 5, 1773, 

 was educated at Brasenose, was 

 M.P. for Oxford University, 

 1821-26, and was one of the 

 founders of the Athenaeum Club. 

 He died at Pimlico on Oct. 4, 



HEBREW 



1833. Scholar and 

 book collector, he 

 amassed more 

 than 146,000 vol- 

 umes, many of 

 which he anno- 

 tated. 



He bert , JACQUES 

 RENE (1757-94). 

 French revolution- 

 ary. Born at Alen- 

 con on Nov. 15, 

 1757, as a young 

 man he worked in 

 Paris as theatrical 

 manager, and a 

 doctor's assistant. 

 He mixed in revo- 

 lutionary circles, 

 being a member of the Cordeliers 

 Club (q.v.), and issued several pam- 

 phlets in 1790, but became more 

 widely known by his conduct of 

 the journal Le Pere Duchesne. 

 His arrest was ordered in May, 

 1793, but popular demonstrations 

 in Paris forced his release. Hebert 

 was notorious for his accusations 

 against Marie Antoinette, and in- 

 stituted the so-called cult of the 

 goddess of Reason. He was 

 guillotined March 24, 1794. 



Hebert, Louis PHILIPPE (1850- 

 1917). French-Canadian sculptor. 

 Born in Quebec Province, he studied 

 art in Paris. His statues won him 

 considerable reputation in Paris 

 and elsewhere, his full-length of 

 George Cartier (q.v.) being awarded 

 the prize offered by the Dominion 

 Government, and others were set 

 up in Montreal. In 1901 he was 

 made a chevalier of the legion of 

 honour. He died June 13, 1917. 

 See Frontenac. 



HEBREW LANGUAGE, LITERATURE AND 



RF"! !f5ION M. A. Canney, M.A., Prof, of Semitic 



C C. 1_ I V3 1 VJ FN Languages, Manchester University 



The article supplements the historical sketch of the Jews. See articles 

 on Canaan, Jerusalem, Palestine, and other places and countries 

 associated with this people. See also A Iphabet ; Bible ; Old Testa- 

 ment ; the articles on the books of the O.T. ; and those on the great 

 Hebrews, e.g. Abraham, Moses, etc. See also Jehovah 



Hebrew belongs to the Middle 

 Semitic or Canaanitish branch of 

 the Semitic languages, and is re- 

 lated closely to Arabic (S. Semitic), 

 Aramaic (N. Semitic), and Baby- 

 lonian (E. Semitic). The term 

 Hebrew, originally a gentilic, de- 

 rived from a word meaning 

 " country on the other side," was 

 applied by neighbouring peoples to 

 the people " on the other side," 

 i.e. on the other side of the Jordan, 

 or more probably of the Euphrates. 

 Whatever the precise origin of the 

 language, it developed in Canaan, 

 and in Isaiah xix, 18, is described 

 as " the language of Canaan." 

 Elsewhere in the O.T. it is referred 

 to, not as the Hebrew language, 



but as " the Jews' language." He- 

 brew is written from right to 

 left. The old character resembles 

 the Phoenician. This was ex- 

 changed about the 4th century for 

 the " square character " employed 

 in Hebrew bibles. Originally 

 Hebrew writing consisted only of 

 consonants, as it still does in the 

 Synagogue scrolls of the Law. The 

 system of vowel-signs now in 

 common use was introduced by 

 the Masoretes in the 7th century 

 in order to preserve the traditional 

 pronunciation (masora, " tradi- 

 tion "). 



The grammatical structure of 

 the language presents some curious 

 characteristics in common with the 



