HECATAEUS 



Hecataeus OF MILETUS (c. 550- 

 476 B.C.). One of the Greek logo- 

 graphers or writers of history in 

 prose before Herodotus. He took 

 an active part in the revolt of the 

 Ionic cities of Asia Minor against 

 Persia (502-494). A great travel- 

 ler, his Journey round the World 

 contains a geographical and his- 

 torical account of Europe, Asia, 

 and Libya, with a map. 



Hecate. In Greek mythology, 

 the goddess of night, the moon, 

 child-birth, and of magic. In art 

 she is represented in triple form, 

 probably symbolic of her different 

 spheres. She is often confounded 

 with Aphrodite and Selene. Pron. 

 Hek-a-tee. 



Hecatomb (Gr. hekaton, hun- 

 dred; bous, ox). Originally, in an- 

 cient Greece, the sacrifice of 100 

 bulls and then that of any large 

 number of victims. In modern 

 speech the word is used of any great 

 sacrifice or slaughter. See Sacrifice. 

 Hecker, FRIEDRICH KAKL FRANZ 

 (1811-81). German politician. 

 Born in Baden, Sept. 28, 1811, he 

 ^^^^^^^^^^^ m practised law 

 in Mannheim. 

 In 1845 his un- 

 compromis ing 

 democratic 

 sentiments, 

 which had al- 

 ready made 

 him conspicu- 

 o u s in the 

 Baden parlia- 

 ment, brought 

 about his 

 banishment from Prussia. The 

 revolution of '48 saw him again 

 to the front, and he strove his 

 utmost to establish a republican 

 government on a stable basis. 



His attempts having failed, he 

 transferred his operations to S. 

 Germany, where he organized 

 bands of malcontents with the idea 

 of terrifying the smaller states. 

 Driven into Switzerland, he emi- 

 grated to America and occupied 

 himself on his Illinois farm until 

 the outbreak of the Civil War, when 

 he entered the Federal army and 

 rose to be brigadier-general. His 

 latter years were spent at St. Louis, 

 where he died March 24, 1881. 



Hecker, ISAAC THOMAS (1819- 

 88). American divine. Born at 

 New York, Dec. 18, 1819, he be- 

 came a mem- 

 b e r of the 

 Brook Farm 

 (q.v.) c o m- 

 munity, and 

 for a time 

 lived with 

 Thoreau at his 

 Hermitage in 



F. K. F. Hecker, 

 German politician 



After Schertle 



the woods. 

 Becoming 



Isaac x. uectcer, 

 American divine 



39 1 1 



Roman Catholic, he joined the Re- 

 demptorist Order in 1845, and 

 worked for some years in England, 

 where he was ordained in 1849. 

 In 1857 he returned to America, 

 severed his connexion with the Re- 

 demptorists, and founded the Or- 

 der of Paulists for missionary work, 

 becoming its first Superior. For 

 over twenty years he edited The 

 Catholic World, and founded The 

 Catholic Publication Society. He 

 died at New York, Dec. 22, 1888. 



Heckmondwike. Urban dis- 

 trict and market town of York- 

 shire, W.R. It is 8 m. S. by E. of 

 Bradford on the L. & N.W. and 

 L. & Y. Rlys. Blankets, rugs, and 

 carpets are manufactured, and 

 there are iron-foundries and ma- 

 chine and dye works. In the neigh- 

 bourhood are extensive collieries. 

 The council owns the water supply, 

 and manages the market and 

 annual fairs. The gas supply and 

 tramways are provided by com- 

 panies. Market days, Tues. and 

 Sat. Near are places connected 

 with the Brontes. Pop. 9,000. 



Hectare (Gr. hekaton, hundred; 

 Lat. area, area). Superficial or land 

 measure of the French metric sys- 

 tem. It is equal to 100 ares (q.v. ), 

 or 10,000 sq. metres, being thus 

 equal to 2 '471 English acres. 



Hectograph (Gr. hekaton, hun- 

 dred ; graphein, to write). Device 

 for making a number of copies of a 

 document, etc. It consists of a slab 

 of gelatin material on the surface 

 of which a copy of the document to 

 be duplicated is impressed. The 

 original document is prepared with 

 a special aniline ink, and firmly 

 pressed for a time on the gelatin, 

 which absorbs the ink. From this 

 a large num- 

 ber of dupli- 

 cates may 

 b e obtained 

 very cheaply. 



Hector. 

 In Greek 

 legend, son 

 of Priam, 

 king of Troy, 

 and Hecuba, 

 and husband 

 of Andro- 

 mache. H e 

 was the chief 

 champion of 

 the Trojans 

 during t h e 

 war with the 

 G reeks, and 

 his character 

 as conceived 

 by Homer 

 makes more 

 appeal to our 

 sympathy and imagination than 

 that of any other leader, Greek or 

 Trojan. He met his death at the 



Hector, the Trojan 

 champion, as sculp- 

 tured by Canova 



.HEDGE 



hands of Achilles, who had been 

 roused from his retirement when 

 his friend Patroclus had been killed 

 by Hector. His body was tied to 

 the chariot of Achilleo, and dragged 

 off to the Greek camp. At the 

 personal entreaty of the aged 

 Priam, Achilles gave back the body 

 for burial. See Iliad ; Troy. 



Hecuba (Gr. Hekabe). Wife of 

 Priam, king of Troy, by whom she 

 was the mother of Hector, Paris, 

 Cassandra, and many other chil- 

 dren, according to some legends, 50 

 in all. At the taking of Troy she was 

 carried away captive by the Greeks 

 to the Thracian Chersonese, where 

 her daughter Polyxena was sacri- 

 ficed in obedience to the behest of 

 the wraith of Achilles. Polymestor, 

 the king of the country, having 

 murdered her son Polydorus, she 

 avenged his death by killing Poly- 

 mestor's' children, and putting out 

 the king's eyes. Eventually she was 

 metamorphosed into a dog, and 

 threw herself into the sea. The 

 events of her later life are the subject 

 of Euripides' tragedy Hecuba. 



Hedberg, TOR (b. 1862). Swed- 

 ish author. Born March 23, 1862, 

 in Stockholm, he became known as 

 a writer of stories, sketches, novels, 

 and plays. Among his novels may 

 be mentioned Johannes Karr,1885 ; 

 Judas, 1886, which he dramatised 

 in 1895; Ordeal by Fire, 1890; 

 and among his plays, A Life Prob- 

 lem, 1886; Gerhard Grim, 1897; 

 and The Drama of a Home, 1906. 



Hedemarken. Fylka or county 

 of E.Norway.bordering on Sweden. 

 Mountainous in the N., some of its 

 peaks attain an elevation of 6,000 ft. 

 Among its numerous lakes is Lake 

 Famund and a portion of Lake 

 Myosen on the W. boundary. Hede- 

 marken comprises the valley of the 

 upper Glommen, one of the most 

 fertile regions in Norway. Area, 

 10,625 sq. m. Pop. 146,831. . 



Hedge. Live fence in a garden 

 or between fields. In gardens it 

 is formed by the employment of 

 various trees and shrubs, either 

 kept in alignment by cutting and 

 pruning, or allowed to grow freely. 

 Hedges are useful as screens to 

 keep out unsightly objects, such as 

 rubbish heaps and coke mounds. 

 The best quick-growing plants for 

 hedges are privet, whitethorn, 

 laurel, myrobella plum, and euany- 

 mus. All these subjects should be 

 planted in the autumn in country 

 gardens ; in the spring, in towns or 

 suburban areas. 



Young plants, about 1 ft. in 

 height, give the best results, and 

 beyond an annual dose of sulphate 

 of ammonia watered in during a 

 summer shower, no other stimu- 

 lant is necessary, but the use of 

 the pVuning knife or secateur is 



