after which it is trimmed from 

 time to time and occasionally laid. 

 Laying is done from the ditch side, 

 a plank being placed lengthwise 

 and supported on pieces of iron 

 rail, put across the ditch. Dead or 

 unnecessary growths are first cut 

 out. The vertical stems selected as 

 layers are partly cut through, 

 thinned about a foot from the 

 bottom, and bent down into an 

 inclined position, usually to the 

 left. The cut part should be finished 

 off by clean upward slopes, or water 

 will lodge and cause rotting. 



The cutting implement used is 

 a hedge slasher or switch bill, con- 

 sisting of a stout blade, usually 

 slightly curved near the end, and 

 fixed in a long wooden handle. 

 The layers are kept in place by 

 driving in stakes at regular inter- 

 vals, or actual growing stems may 

 be utilised as " live stakes." The 

 latter should be half cut through 

 near the bottom, as this encourages 

 the growth of shoots below the 

 cuts, and helps to prevent the 

 lower part of the hedge from be- 

 coming thin. The hedge is trimmed 

 to a height of 4 ft. or 5 ft., and its 

 top made firm by twining willow 

 branches or other flexible material 

 in and out between the stakes. 



Hedin, SVEN ANDERS (b. 1865). 

 Swedish explorer. Born at Stock- 

 holm,Feb. 19, 1865, he was educated 

 in Sweden and Germany. In 1885- 

 86 he travelled in S.W. Asia and in 

 Persia. Member of a royal com- 

 mission to the shah in 1890, he 

 travelled in Khorasan and Tur- 

 kistan, reaching Kashgar in 1891. 

 Starting again in 1894, he spent 

 the next three years in making his 

 way through E. Turkistan and 

 Tibet to Peking, whence he re- 

 turned to Europe through Mon- 

 golia and Siberia. He published 

 the account of this journey, 

 Through Asia, in 1899. 



From 1899- 

 1902 he tra- 

 velled in Tibet 

 and the Gobi 

 d e s er t, and 

 made two at- 

 tempts to enter 

 Lhasa. In 

 1906 he went 

 once more to 

 Tibet, and 

 made valuable 

 scientific o b- 

 servations in his two years' stay 

 which enabled him to construct 

 the first detailed map of that dis- 

 trict. In 1909 he was made a 

 knight (K.C.I.E.), but during the 

 Great War he abandoned the 

 honour. In 1912 he was raised 

 to the Swedish peerage. During 

 the early days of the Great War 

 he was invited by the German 



Sven Hedin, 

 Swedish explorer 



government to make a report on the 

 war devastations in Belgium, and 

 in his subsequent writings he 

 betrayed a venomous animosity to 

 the British. His principal works 

 are Journey through Khorasan and 

 Turkistan, 1892; Adventures in 

 Tibet, 1904; Trans - Himalaya, 

 1909; Overland to India, 1910; 

 The War Against Russia, 1915; 

 Bagdad, Babylon, Ninivi, 1917. 



Hedjaz. Variant spelling of the 

 dist. of Arabia known as Hejaz(g.v.). 



Hednesford. Village and eccles. 

 dist. of Staffordshire, England. It 

 is 10 m. N. of Walsall, on the L. 

 & N.W. Rly. Standing on a coal- 

 field, mining is the chief industry ; 

 tiles are made here. Pop. 10,750. 



Hedon. Borough of Yorkshire 

 (E.R.). It stands near the Hum- 

 ber, 5 m. from Hull, and has a 

 station on the N.E. Rly. It was 

 once a flourishing port. It has a 

 notable cruciform church, S. Au- 

 gustine's, with a beautiful west 

 front and a tower. There is a trade 

 in agricultural produce. The town 

 still retains its mayor and corpora- 

 tion. Hedon received a charter 

 from Henry II, and in the Middle 

 Ages had a trade guild, while much 

 shipping entered the port, which 

 was connected with the Humber. 

 It was made a municipality in 1661 

 and returned two members to 

 Parliament until 1832. Pop. 1,100. 



Hedonism (Gr. hedone, plea- 

 sure). View of life which regards 

 pleasure (bodily or mental) as the 

 greatest good. It was the chief 

 doctrine of the Cyrenaics, and to a 

 certain extent of the Epicureans, 

 and, in the 18th century, in its 

 grossest form it found staunch sup- 

 porters in Helvetius, Holbach, and 

 La Mettrie, of the French material- 

 istic school. In more modern times 

 a refined form of hedonism, repre- 

 sented by Bentham, James and 

 John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, 

 and others, has been associated 

 with the doctrine of Utilitarianism, 

 which, while upholding the hedon- 

 istic theory, sought the greatest 

 happiness of the greatest number. 

 See Philosophy ; Utilitarianism. 



Heeley. Suburb of Sheffield. It 

 is served by a station on the Mid- 

 land Rly. and by tramways. 

 Mainly an industrial area, here are 

 factories or works for the manu- 

 factures for which Sheffield is 

 noted. See Sheffield. 



Heem, DAVIDDE (c. 1570-1632) 

 Dutch painter. Born at Utrecht, 

 he was a still-life painter of con- 

 siderable distinction, although 

 some works of his son and grand- 

 son have been wrongly attributed 

 to him. The National Gallery, Lon- 

 don, contains a study of fruit and 

 flowers by him, and the Uffizi Gallery 

 at Florence has a good example. 



Heem, JAN DAVIDSZ DE (c. 1600- 

 84). Dutch painter. Born at 

 Utrecht, he was the son of David 

 de Heem. He learned much from 

 his father, but surpassed him both 

 in variety of his still-lite subjects 

 and in technical equipment. His 

 colour is rich, and, within the com- 

 pass of still lite, he may be counted 

 among the most notable of the 

 minor Dutch artists of the 17th 

 century. Examples of his work are 

 to be found in many German gal- 

 leries and at the Louvre, Amster 

 dam, and The Hague, and the 

 Wallace Collection has two. 



His son was Cornelis de Heem 

 (1631-95), who also ably carried 

 on the style of his family in paint- 

 ing, working at Antwerp and The 

 Hague. 



Heenan, JOHN CARMEL (1835- 

 73). American pugilist. Born at 

 Troy, New York, May 4, 1835, he 

 was apprenticed when 15 years of 

 age to a blacksmith at Benicia, 

 California (whence his sobriquet, 

 the Benicia Boy), and soon became 

 known on the Pacific coast as a 

 strong and bold fighter. In 1860 

 he came to England and fought his 

 battle with Tom Sayers (q.v.), at 

 Farnborough, on April 21. The 

 fight ended in a draw after 44 

 rounds had been fought. 



Heenan afterwards toured in 

 England with circus troupes. On 

 being beaten by Tom King in Dec., 

 1864, he returned to America, 

 where he made and lost several 

 fortunes. He died at Green River 

 City, Wyoming Territory, on Oct. 

 25, 1873. 



Keep, URIAH. Character in 

 Dickens's novel David Copperfield. 

 He is the sneaking clerk to Mr. 

 Wickfield, and unwelcome suitor 

 for the hand of Agnes, who makes 



Uriah Heep, the servile, scheming 



clerk described in David Copperfield, 



as depicted by Fred. Barnard 



