HEERE 



HEGEL 



use of his profession of humility to 

 cloak his envy, hatred, and malice, 

 and to advance his own interests 

 In the end he oversteps the limits 

 of the law and is sentenced to 

 transportation for life. 



Heere, LUCAS DE (1534-84). 

 Flemish painter. Born at Ghent, 

 he studied under Frans Floris, and 

 while still young, executed for the 

 Regent of the Netherlands a pic- 

 ture of Solomon and the Queen of 

 Sheba, in which Solomon is a por- 

 trait of Philip II of Spain. He 

 visited England (1568-77), where 

 he painted a curious allegorical 

 picture, now at Hampton Court, 

 containing the portrait of Queen 

 Elizabeth, and Paris, where he de- 

 signed some tapestries for Catherine 

 de' Medici, and where he died. His 

 portraits included those of Queen 

 Elizabeth, the earl of Essex, and 

 the duchess of Suffolk. 



Heeren, ARNOLD HERMANN LTJD- 

 WIG (1760-1842). German his- 

 torian. He was born near Bremen, 

 Oct. 25, 1760, and educated at 

 Gottingen. In 1787 he became 

 professor at Gottingen, and died 

 there March 6, 1842, after a dis- 

 tinguished career as a learned and 

 judicial historian. A pioneer in 

 the economic interpretation of his- 

 tory, he wrote many valuable 

 works, some of which have been 

 translated. 



Heeringen, JOSIAS VON (b. 

 1850). German soldier. The son of 

 Josias von Heeringen, court presi- 

 dent of Hesse, 

 he was born 

 March 9, 1850, 

 and entered 

 the Prussian 

 army in 1867. 

 In 1906 he was 

 a general of 

 infantry and 

 in command of 

 the 2nd army 

 corps. Two 

 years afterwards he was minister 

 of war. In 1913 he was inspector- 

 general of the Prussian Guard, the 

 12th and the 19th army corps at 

 Berlin. When the Great War broke 

 out he was commander-in-chief of 

 the 7th army, which advanced 

 through the N. Vosges in Aug., 1914. 

 Hefele, KARL JOSEPH VON (1809- 

 93). German theologian and 

 historian. Born at Unterkochen, 

 Wiirttemberg, March 15, 1809, he 

 was educated at Tubingen, where 

 he became professor of patristics 

 and church history in 1840. He 

 was a member of the national 

 as-sernbly of Wiirttemberg, and in 

 1869 was appointed bishop of 

 Rottenburg. A Roman Catholic, 

 he opposed the dogma of papal 

 infallibility, but submitted to the 

 decree when it was promulgated. 



J. von Jdeermgen, 

 German soldier 



He was the author of an edition of 

 the Apostolic Fathers, a standard 

 History of the Councils of the 

 Church (Eng. trans. 5 vols. down to 

 the year 738), and other works. 

 Hefe'le died at Rottenburg, June 5. 

 1893. Pron. Hay-feler. 



Hegel, GF.ORO WILHELM FRIED- 

 RTCH (1770-1831). German philo- 

 sopher Born at Stuttgart, Aug. 

 27, 1 770, he 

 studied at 

 Tubingen and 

 was for some 

 years a private 

 tutor. In 1801 

 he was ap- 

 pointed to a 

 .professorship 

 at Jena, which 

 he was obliged 

 to relinquish 

 owing to the 



from a prim polit f cal p . 



heaval. After the battle of Jena, 

 1806, he removed to Bamberg, 

 where he edited a newspaper. In 

 1808 he became rector of the 

 academy at Nuremberg, where he 

 remained eight years. In 1816 

 he became professor of philosophy 

 at Heidelberg, and in 1818 suc- 

 ceeded Fichte at Berlin, where he 

 died, Nov. 14, 1831. 



The style of Hegel's writings is 

 extremely involved and obscure. 

 His system is divided into three 

 parts : Logic, the science of the pure 

 ideas, of universal notions ; the 

 philosophy of Nature, the develop- 

 ment of the real world ; the philo- 

 sophy of Spirit (mind), the develop- 

 ment of the ideal world, the con- 

 crete spirit that attains actuality in 

 ethics, politics, art, religion, and 

 science. These three divisions 

 correspond to three phases of the 

 Absolute position, negation, and 

 a combination of both. The Abso- 

 lute is at first pure, immaterial 

 thought ; it is then broken up into 

 the infinite atomism of space and 

 time ; lastly, it returns to itself and 

 thus becomes actual thought or 

 spirit. The universal principle of 

 the system is the idea ; Being and 

 the idea are identical. The idea 

 contains in itself the capacity for 

 developing into all the determining 

 attributes of being, into all that 

 makes Being Being. 



At first indeterminate, without 

 properties or qualities, Being passes 

 out of this condition and passes 

 into otherness, its negation, its 

 opposite. This negation becomes 

 the principle of a continuous 

 series of higher and successive 

 affirmations Thus, pure light is 

 the same as darkness and is at first 

 invisible, but after it has passed 

 into darkness, it returns to itself, 

 takes on colour, and thus becomes 

 visible. Everything must have an 



opposite or contradictory ; were it 

 not so, nothing could come into 

 existence. The essence of this 

 system is activity and movement 

 This is a return to the theory of 

 Heraclitus, that nothing remains 

 the same, that all things are in a 

 constant state of flux and their 

 permanence only illusory. Nothing 

 is, but only becomes. 



The idea is at once nature, God, 

 and humanity. At first confined 

 within itself, it separates from it 

 and posits itself in what is another 

 self, the external world. It then 

 returns to itself, improved and 

 developed, to go through a 

 further series of developments, be- 

 coming ever freer and more con- 

 scious of itself. God Himself is 

 nothing but the self-development 

 of the absolute ; He does not exist 

 in Himself as a perfect being. Like 

 everything else, He never is, but 

 is always becoming. Similarly, 

 man has no separate personality, 

 being merged in God. Nor is God 

 distinct from the external world ; 

 God, nature, and humanity are one. 

 This is pantheism, but a pantheism 

 essentially different from Spinoza's, 

 whose god (substance) is an abso- 

 lute unity. 



By his support of existing 

 Prussian institutions Hegel ob- 

 tained great political and social 

 influence. His theories are set forth 

 in The Philosophy of Right. All 

 changes and revolutions are only 

 milestones on the road of progress. 

 The individual is of no value by 

 himself ; he is absorbed in the 

 family, .the family in the state, the 

 real substance of which, indi viduals, 

 are accidents. The state in return 

 must protect the individual and 

 allow him a certain amount of 

 freedom (liberty of the press, trial 

 by jury, popular representation), 

 but not so as to interfere with pro- 

 gress. Constitutional monarchy is 

 the best form of government, a king 

 being necessary " to dot the i's." 

 War is indispensable to progress, 

 might is right, the weaker state is 

 inferior to and absorbed in the 

 stronger. All states will finally 

 be absorbed in the genera! move- 

 ment of the universe. Pron. Haygel. 

 See Pantheism ; Philosophy ; State. 



J. H. Treese 



Bibliography. Hegel, E. Caird, 

 1883, in Knight's Philosophical 

 Classics for English Readers ; The 

 Secret of Hegel, J. H. Stirling, 1898 ; 

 Prolegomena to the Study of Hegel, 

 and translations of The Logic and 

 The Philosophy of Mind, W. Wal- 

 lace, 1894; The Phenomenology of 

 Mind, J. B. Baillie, 1910 ; The Philo- 

 sophy of Right, S. W. Dyde, 1 890 ; 

 Lectures on the History of Philo- 

 sophy, E. S. Haldane, 1892-96 ; The 

 Philosophy of Religion, E. B. Spcirs, 

 1895 ; The Philosophy of Fine Art, 

 F. W B. Osmaston, 1920. 



