

HELM WIND 



3929 



HELSINGFORS 



dating from 1592, and has a tower 

 164 ft. high. The abbey of S. 

 Ludgerus, founded in the 9th cen- 

 tury, and now put to secular use, 

 recalls the fact that the first Saxons 

 were baptized here by the saint. 

 The abbey church, originally built 

 in the 12th century, shows a few 

 traces of the old construction. S. 

 Stephen's Church, dating from the 

 13th century, contains some fine 

 tombs and carved work. There 

 are also several good examples of 

 1 6th century domestic architecture. 

 Helmstedt, which was once a 

 member of the Hanseatic League, 

 has manufactures of agricultural 

 machinery, earthenware, soap, 

 tobacco, etc. Pop. 16,420. 



Helm Wind. Steady wind 

 which causes a stationary helm- 

 shaped cloud to overhang a moun- 

 tain peak. When a damp wind is 

 forced to ascend an obstacle, such 

 as a mountain ridge, the resultant 

 cooling causes a constant conden- 

 sation of water-vapour on the 

 windward side and leads to the for- 

 mation of clouds. On the leeward 

 side the water particles forming the 

 clouds are constantly evaporated, 

 the total effect being that cloud is 

 continuously visible shrouding the 

 summit. This phenomenon is well 

 known in the English Lake District, 

 and occurs in mountainous districts 

 subjected to steady damp winds. 



Heloderm (Gr. helos, nail; der- 

 ma, skin). Venomous lizards, the 

 only ones known to science. There 

 are two species, found in Central 

 America, Mexico and Arizona. 

 See Gila Monster. 



Helo'ise (c. 1101-64). French 

 abbess, famous for her early rela- 

 tions with her tutor Abelard (q.v.). 



Helots (Gr. heilotes). Lowest 

 section of the community in Sparta. 

 The descendants of a pre-Dorian 

 population, their position was 

 analogous to that of the medieval 

 villein in England and of the Rus- 

 sian serf before his emancipation, 

 though they belonged to the state, 

 and not to any individuals, and 

 could not be removed from the 

 land. The ruling class of Spartans 

 employed them to cultivate their 

 farms, and they had to hand over a 

 fixed quantity of the produce of the 

 farm each year, being allowed to 

 keep any surplus. Their lot was 

 very hard, and they were often 

 treated with great cruelty, though 

 by good service and conduct it was 

 possible for them to obtain freedom. 



In time of war they served as 

 light-armed infantry, and some- 

 times as oarsmen. The helots, as a 

 class, cherished a most bitter 

 hatred of their Spartan rulers, and 

 in 464 B.C. there was an actual re- 

 volt, which was only suppressed 

 with great difficulty. A special 



Helsingfors, Finland. Panorama of the city ana harbour 



Sir Arthur Helps, 

 British essayist 



After Williams 



band of young Spartans, the Cryp- 

 teia or secret police, was charged 

 with the duty of watching the 

 Helot population, and any indi- 

 vidual who seemed likely to cause 

 trouble was put out of the way. 



Helpmakaar. Village of Natal, 

 S. Africa. It is 25 m. S. of Dundee, 

 and about 10 m. to the N.E. is 

 Rorke's Drift on the Buffalo river, 

 noted for the heroic defence put up 

 by a small party of British against 

 Zulu hordes in 1879, after the de- 

 feat at Isandhlwana. There is a 

 regular motor service to Dundee. 



Helps, SIR ARTHUR (1813-75). 

 British essayist and historian. 

 Born at Streatham, July 10, 1813, 

 and educated 

 at' Eton and 

 Trinity College, 

 Cambridge, in 

 1860 he became 

 ;rk to the 

 >rivy council, 

 a post which he 

 held until his 

 death. In this 

 capacity he 

 came much into 

 contact with 

 Queen Victoria, and at her request 

 edited Prince Albert's Speeches and 

 Addresses, and Leaves from a Jour- 

 nal of Our Life in the Highlands. 

 Among his original works are 

 Thoughts in the Cloister and the 

 Crowd, 1835; 

 The Claims of 

 Labour, 1844; 

 Friends in Coun- 

 cil, 1847-59; 

 Conquerors of the 

 New World and 

 their Bondsmen, 

 1848-52; The 

 Spanish Conquest 

 in America, 1855- 

 61 ; biographies of 

 Columbus,Cortes, 

 and Pizarro: 

 Thoughts upon 

 Government, 

 1872 ; the trage- 

 dies Catherine 

 Douglas and 

 Henry II, both 

 1843; and a 

 novel, Realmah, 

 1868. Helps was 

 an earnest and 

 thoughtful writer, 

 and his literarv 



style won the praise of Ruskin. He 

 was made K.C.B. in 1872, and died 

 in London, March 7, 1875. 



Helsingborg OB HALSINOBORO. 

 City and seaport of Sweden, in the 

 Ian or govt. of Kristianstad. It 

 stands at the narrowest part of the 

 Sound, opposite Elsinore (2 m. ) 

 in Denmark, 33 m. N. of Malmo. It 

 has remains of a castle and a fort, 

 mentioned in the 12th century, 

 mineral springs and sea baths. The 

 artificial harbour is being extended. 

 The exports are timber, iron ore, 

 and cattle ; the imports coal, fer- 

 tilisers, wheat, tobacco, and sugar. 

 A thriving manufacturing town, 

 Helsingborg has copper and rubber 

 works, breweries, etc. Long occu- 

 pied by Denmark, it was often be- 

 sieged, becoming Swedish in 1710, 

 when Stenbock here defeated the 

 Danes. In the vicinity is the only 

 coalfield in Sweden. Pop. 45,330. 

 Helsingfors (Finnish Helsinki). 

 Capital of Finland. It stands on 

 the Gulf of Finland, 250 m. by rly. 

 W. of Petrograd, 

 is the seat of the 

 national diet, and 

 has an observa- 

 tory, botanical 

 garden, and other 

 institutions. The 

 university, 

 founded at Abo in 

 1640, was moved 



Helsingfors. 



Plan of the Finnish capital, showing its 

 principal public buildings 



