HENRY 



3936 



HENRY 



much to fan the flames of discon- 

 tent. Early in the war she re- 

 turned from a visit to France with 

 money and stores, and collected a 

 party of royalists, who marched to 

 her husband's aid. In 1644, how- 

 ever, she left England and never 

 saw Charles again, although she 

 urged him continually to resist, 

 and was always scheming in his in- 

 terests and those of their children. 

 During the Commonwealth the 

 queen remained in France, but she 

 returned to England in 1660, living 

 for some time at Somerset House. 

 She died at Colombes, near Paris, 

 Aug. 31, 1669. 



Henry. Unit measurement of 

 an induced electric current. When 

 the inducing current is changing 

 at the rate of one ampere per 

 second and produces in an adjacent 

 circuit a pressure difference of one 

 volt, the degree of inductance is 

 equal to one henry. See Unit, 

 Electrical. 



Henry. Masculine Christian 

 name. Its meaning, prince of the 

 house, is seen best in its German 

 form, Heinrich. Extensively used 

 in Germany and France, it has 

 always been very popular in Eng- 

 land, but less so in Scotland. The 

 French form is Henri, and the 

 Spanish Enrique. Henrietta, Hen- 

 riette, and Harriet are feminine 

 forms. Harry is a popular English 

 form of Henry. 



Henry I (1068-1135). King of 

 England. Born at Selby, York- 

 shire, he was the third surviving 

 son of William 

 the Conqueror, 

 the only one 

 born in Eng- 

 land after the 

 Conquest. On 

 the death of 

 William II he 

 promptly se- 

 cured the 

 Henry I, throne in the 



King of England absence of his 

 elder brother Robert of Normandy. 

 He was shrewd enough to realize 

 the advantage of establishing a firm 

 and just government, conciliating 

 his English subjects, and acquiring 

 a thorough mastery over the turbu- 

 lent Norman baronage. The claims 

 of his brother Robert, a convenient 

 figurehead for the barons, com- 

 pelled him to fight for his crown, 

 and to make himself master of 

 Robert's duchy of Normandy as 

 well as of England. 



In the course of his reign of 

 thirty-five years (1100-1135) he 

 won for himself the name of the 

 lion of justice, laying the founda- 

 tions of the work which was carried 

 out by his grandson* Henry II ; 

 especially by his organization of 

 the Curia Regis as the royal court 



of law administered by trained law- 

 yers, and of the itinerant justices 

 whose courts periodically super- 

 vised the administration- of justice 

 in the provinces. In 1103 he be- 

 came involved in a dispute with An- 

 selm on the investiture question. 

 Henry's only son, William, was 

 drowned in the White Ship. He 

 left his throne to his daughter, 

 Matilda or Maud, widow of the 

 emperor Henry V, and wife of 

 Geoffrey of Anjou ; but on his 

 death, Dec. 1, 1136, the crown was 

 successfully claimed by his nephew 

 Stephen. See Investiture. 



Henry II (1133-89). King of 

 England, the first of the Planta- 

 genets. He was born at Le Mans, 



-,,, .,,.., , March 5, 1133, 



the son of Geof- 

 frey, count of 

 Anjou, who was 

 the second hus- 

 band of the Em- 

 press Matilda or 

 Maud,daughter 

 of Henry I of 

 England. Maud 

 was dispos- 

 sessed of the 

 by her cousin 



Henry II, 

 King of England 



throne 



English 



Stephen of Boulogne, whose nine- 

 teen years' reign was a nightmare 

 of civil war and feudal anarchy. 

 Young Henry succeeded his father 

 as count of Anjou, received his 

 mother's duchy of Normandy which 

 Stephen had not seized, and mar- 

 ried Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine, 

 in 1152, thereby becoming, in effect, 

 lord of the western half of France. 

 In 1154 he succeeded Stephen on 

 the English throne in place of his 

 mother, who still survived. 



Though now only twenty-one 

 he had proved himself to be ex- 

 traordinarily prompt, energetic, 

 self-willed, and capable. In France, 

 though a feudatory, his power at 

 least rivalled that of the king, and 

 his ambitions were European 

 rather than English. But he 

 realized that his kingdom should 

 provide the real basis of power ; 

 and though he spent more than 

 half his reign in France, he devoted 

 himself to the establishment in 

 England of a powerful monarchy. 



Without delay, he cleared the 

 country of the mercenaries and 

 adventurers who had swarmed into 

 it under Stephen, pulled down 

 some thousands of the castles 

 which the barons had built, and 

 stamped out all resistance by the 

 rapidity of his movements. The 

 country was weary of anarchy, and 

 the great majority of the barons 

 were now in favour of restoring law 

 and order. In the struggle with his 

 archbishop, Thomas Becket (q.v.), 

 he strove with only partial success 

 to subject the clergy to the ordin- 



ary Jaw, and to assert the royal 

 supremacy over the clerical organi- 

 zation. By scutage, the partial 

 substitution of money payments 

 for military services, and by a 

 revival of the old English fyrd or 

 militia, he strengthened the mili- 

 tary ascendancy of the crown over 

 the baronage. He reorganized the 

 administration of justice and finance 

 on lines suggested by Henry I. 



He sanctioned the intervention 

 in Ireland of his barons, and then 

 compelled both them and the native 

 chiefs to recognize him as over- 

 lord, Ireland being thus annexed 

 to the English crown. His later 

 years were vexed by the turbulent 

 disobedience of his sons, and he 

 died at Chinon, July 6, 1189, in 

 the course of a struggle with his 

 son and successor, Richard Coeur 

 de Lion, who had joined in arms 

 against him with the French king, 

 Philip. See Avranches ; consult also 

 Lives, Mrs. J. R. Green, 1888; 

 L. F. Salzmann, 1914. 



Henry III (1207-72). King 01 

 England. Born at Winchester, Oct. 

 1, 1207, he succeeded his father. 

 King John, in 

 1216, while the 

 struggle with 

 the barons was 

 still in progress. 

 The general re- 

 cognition of the 

 young king 

 was, however, 

 soon procured 

 by the veteran, 

 William Mar- 

 shal, earl of 

 Pembroke. During the years of 

 his minority the country was well 

 governed, first by Pembroke and 

 then by Hubert de Burgh. 



In 1227 Henry's personal reign 

 began. Unfortunately he was one 

 of the most incompetent of English 

 kings. With more cultivated 

 tastes than most of his contem- 

 poraries, personally br'ave and 

 virtuous, and a devoted son of the 

 Church, he lacked any conception 

 of his duties as a king. First he 

 fell wholly under the influence of 

 his mother's Poitevin connexions, 

 who filled all the offices of state. The 

 pressure of the irritated barons re- 

 moved the Poitevins, but on 

 Henry's marriage with Eleanor of 

 Provence, in 1236, a new flood of 

 foreigners usurped all positions of 

 importance, and under their in- 

 fluence the provisions of Magna 

 Carta extorted by the barons from 

 his father were persistently ignored. 

 Matters came to a head when 

 Henry, in obedience to the pope, 

 accepted the crown of Sicily for 

 his son Edmund, and endeavoured 

 to procure from the country the 

 money necessary to secure it. 



Henry III, 

 King of England 



