HENRY 



3939 



of the Church in England ; ended 

 once for all the payments made 

 to the papal treasury ; and finally 

 repudiated the ecclesiastical au- 

 thority of the pope in England. 

 In defiance of the pope, the English 

 ecclesiastical courts pronounced 

 the marriage with Catherine void, 

 and Henry married Anne Boleyn. 



The next step was the suppres- 

 sion of the monasteries ; the smaller 

 houses were dissolved on the score 

 of immorality in 1536, and the 

 larger in 1539, partly on the same 

 charge and partly on that of treason. 

 Henry, however, permitted no de- 

 parture from the recognized doc- 

 trines of the Church beyond dis- 

 tinguishing between practices 

 which were essential and those 

 which were enforced as "con- 

 venient." 



A Catholic insurrection in the 

 north called the Pilgrimage of Grace, 

 in 1536, was mercilessly and some- 

 what treacherously suppressed. 

 The royal authority was secured by 

 the Treasons Act, 1534, and the 

 Royal Proclamations Act in 1539. 

 Henry was always careful to obtain 

 every increase of royal power, and 

 sanction for all legislation, from 

 parliament itself. Now, with the 

 same cynical ingratitude which had 

 flung Wolsey aside, he sent Crom- 

 well to his doom in 1540. 



The last six years of the reign 

 were marked by a desultory war 

 with France, and by the crushing 

 overthrow of an invading Scots 

 army at Solway Moss in 1542. 

 Henry married six times. The mar- 

 riage with Catherine of Aragon was 

 annulled ; Anne Boleyn was exe- 

 cuted on charges of treasonable in- 

 fidelity ; Jane Seymour died on 

 giving birth to the future Edward 

 VI ; the marriage to Anne of 

 Cleves was pronounced void within 

 a few weeks of its celebration ; 

 Catherine Howard suffered the 

 same fate as Anne Boleyn ; but the 

 sixth wife, Catherine Parr, survived 

 her husband! Henry died Jan. 

 28, 1547. See Acting. 



Bibliography. History of England, 

 1856-70, J. A. Froude; Reign of 

 Henry VIII, J. S. Brewer, 1884; 

 Henry VIII and the English Monas- 

 teries, F. A. Gasquet, 1899; His- 

 tories of the English Church, R. W. 

 Dixon and J. Gairdner, 1902 ; Henry 

 VIII, A. F. Pollard, 1905. 



Henry I, CALLED THE FOWLER 

 (c. 876-936). German king. Son of a 

 duke of Saxony, Henry succeeded 

 him in912,and both before andafter 

 his accession did much to protect 

 his land from various invaders. His 

 fame as a warrior spread far, and 

 in 919, after Conrad's death, he was 

 chosen German king. His reign was 

 full of wars, for many princes re- 

 fused to submit to him, and he quar- 

 relled with the king of France over 



Lorraine ; but to Saxony he was a 

 great benefactor, not unlike Alfred 

 in England. He trained and 

 organized an army to defend the 

 country, had walls built around the 

 towns, and in other ways made the 

 duchy more secure and prosperous, 

 also enlarging his territory by wars 

 with his neighbours. Henry died 

 July 2, 936, and was succeeded by 

 his son, Otto the Great. 



Henry H (973-1024). German 

 king and Roman emperor. Born 

 May 6, 973, a descendant of Henry 

 the Fowler, his father was duke of 

 Bavaria. In 995 he succeeded to the 

 dukedom, and in 1002, when Otto 

 III died without sons, induced the 

 German notables to choose him as 

 their ruler. He had some trouble 

 with other claimants, but he man- 

 aged to hold his own, and spent the 

 next few years in Italy, in warfare 

 with the Poles, and in crushing a 

 series of rebellions. In 1014, there 

 being then a lull in this strife, 

 Henry was crowned emperor at 

 Rome, and the concluding years of 

 his reign were passed in an attempt 

 to add Burgundy, then a separate 

 kingdom, to his lands, and in fight- 

 ing the Greeks in Italy, where he 

 was the pope's ally. He died July 

 13, 1024. Henry, who -was known 

 as the saint, was keenly interested 

 in ecclesiastical matters, being one 

 of those who wished to see the 

 Church reformed. He was canon- 

 ised in 1146. 



Henry III (101 7-1056). German 

 king and Roman emperor. Son of 

 the emperor Conrad II, he was born 

 Oct. 28, 1017. To secure his future 

 position Conrad had him crowned 

 king when he was only ten years 

 old, and in a few years he began to 

 take an active part in imperial 

 affairs. He succeeded to the throne 

 in 1039, no rivals appearing to dis- 

 pute his inheritance, and his reign 

 of seventeen years was almost free 

 from that internal strife which dis- 

 turbed the time of his father, and 

 his son. On the frontiers, however, 

 Henry had full occupation. The 

 Bohemians and the Hungarians 

 were most troublesome ; so on the 

 other side were Burgundy and 

 Lorraine. These risings, however, 

 were all crushed, and having settled 

 a dispute between three rivals for 

 the papacy by appointing Clement 

 II, Henry was crowned emperor at 

 Rome in 1046. The Normans next 

 felt the weight of his hand. The 

 emperor, whose first wife was a 

 daughter of Canute the Great, died 

 Oct. 5, 1056. 



Henry IV (1050-1 106). German 

 king and Roman emperor. Born 

 Nov. 11, 1050, he was the son of 

 the emperor Henry III, who had 

 him chosen and crowned king 

 before he was four years old. This 



proceeding secured for him the 

 throne when his father died in 1056, 

 but for the next twelve years he 

 was controlled 

 by ambitious 

 ecclesiastics, 

 and did not 

 really begin to 

 reign until 

 1069. Like his 

 predecessors, 

 he found it far 

 from easy to 

 make the van- 

 ous peoples 

 obey him, and 

 his early years were passed in deal- 

 ing with revolts. 



Henry is chiefly known as the 

 rival of Gregory VII. He refused 

 to give up, at the papal command, 

 the right to invest the German 

 bishops with their lands, and was 

 excommunicated. Alone he would 

 probably have been able to resist 

 the pope, but the alliance of the 

 latter with the powerful forces of 

 discontent in Germany, especially 

 strong in Saxony, was too much 

 for him, and in 1074 he submitted 

 to Gregory at Canossa, a deed that 

 burnt itself into the memory of 

 Europe, but was not really of 

 major importance. The reconcilia- 

 tion did not endure ; excommuni- 

 cation by the pope was answered 

 by declarations of deposition by 

 Henry, and rivals were put forward 

 to both parties. He was for a 

 time hard pressed, but gradually 

 he wore down his foes. 



In 1081 Henry went to Italy, 

 gained successes in the north, and, 

 after several rebuffs before its walls, 

 entered Rome in 1 084. G regory was 

 dethroned and besieged, and his 

 successor Clement III crowned 

 Henry emperor. The last period of 

 Henry's life was troubled by risings 

 on the part of his sons. The elder, 

 Conrad, found support in Italy, 

 but not in Germany, where Henry, 

 the younger, had many friend's. 

 The malcontents made the old 

 emperor prisoner, and forced him 

 to abdicate, but he managed to 

 escape from their hands and was 

 preparing for a new campaign when 

 he died at Liege, Aug. 7, 1 106. See 

 Empire ; Gregory VII ; Investiture. 

 Henry V (1081-1125). German 

 king and Roman emperor. The son 

 of the emperor Henry IV, he was 

 born Jan. 8, 1081. When his elder 

 brother Conrad revolted, the elder 

 Henry named him as his successor, 

 and, the princes consenting, he was 

 crowned as such in 1099. How- 

 ever, he too revolted against his 

 father, who died Jan., 1 1 06. Henry 

 then became sole king, and in 1111 

 he was crowned emperor in Rome. 

 A previous ceremony for this pur- 

 pose broke up in disorder, and this 



