3940 



HENRY 



Henry V, 

 German king 



one was preceded by disorder in 

 Rome between the forces of the 

 emperor and those of the pope. 

 This reign is marked by a settle- 

 m e n t of the 

 investiture con- 

 tr overs y, 

 though only 

 after the bitter 

 struggle had 

 been continued 

 from the time 

 of Henry IV. 

 T h e emperor 

 a 1 1 a c k ed the 

 lands of the 

 pope and his friends, and set up 

 anti-popes of his own ; in return 

 he was excommunicated and his 

 enemies encouraged. The concordat 

 of Worms signed in 1122 was a 

 compromise. When not in Italy, 

 Henry was fighting against rebel- 

 lious vassals. He died at Utrecht, 

 May 23, 1125. He married Matilda, 

 daughter of Henry I of England, 

 but left no children. See In- 

 vestiture. 



Henry VI (1165-97). German 

 king and Roman emperor. Son of 

 the emperor Frederick T, he was 

 educated by clerics for the high 

 position marked out for him by 

 his father. When only four years 

 old the emperor had him chosen 

 and crowned as his successor, and 

 when nineteen he acted as ruler 

 of Germany. The main interest of 

 his life arose from his marriage in 

 1186 to Constance, the heiress of 

 the kingdom of Sicily, an event 

 which led to serious trouble be- 

 tween pope and emperor. 



In 1190, on Frederick's death, 

 Henry began his short reign. At 

 once he went to Italy, where the 

 death of the king of Sicily had 

 just given him another crown. He 

 was crowned emperor in Rome, 

 but he found the rebels in his 

 southern kingdom, which included 

 Naples, too strong for him. In Ger- 

 many, too, his foes were strong 

 and numerous, but after a year or 

 two of fighting he brought about 

 something like peace. In 1194 

 he went to Sicily ; this time his 

 armies were stronger than those of 

 his rival Tancred, whose death 

 took place at this time, and he was 

 crowned king at Palermo. 



This achieved, and Germany 

 more peaceful, Henry sought to ex- 

 tend his power in other directions, 

 his one aim being to make himself 

 overlord of the kings of Europe. 

 He had just put down a fresh 

 rising in Italy when he died at 

 Messina, Sept. 28, 1197. Henry 

 was a man of some culture. 



Henry VII (c. 1270-1313). Ger- 

 man king and Roman emperor. A 

 son of Henry III, count of Luxem- 

 burg, this prince was a Frenchman 



in speech and sympathy, but, 

 doubtless because he was none too 

 powerful, was chosen German 

 king in 1308. He did what he could 

 to restore order in Germany, and 

 in 1311 went to Italy, where Dante 

 and the Ghibellines hoped he would 

 restore the authority of the empire. 

 But although crowned emperor in 

 1312, Henry was quite unequal to 

 this achievement in the face of his 

 strong and numerous enemies. He 

 died at Buonconvento, near Siena, 

 Aug. 24, 1313. His son was John, 

 the blind king of Bohemia, who fell 

 atCrecy. On Oct. 30, 1920, his 

 remains were removed from the 

 Campo Santo at Pisa to the cathe- 

 dral, where a monument had been 

 erected. 



Henry I (1008-60). King of 

 France. A son of King Robert and 

 a grandson of Hugh Capet, he was 

 crowned king 

 in his fathers 

 i f e t i m e. In 

 1031 his father 

 died, and he 

 reigned alone 

 until 1059, 

 when he made 

 his own son 

 Philip his col- 

 Henry I, league, dying 

 King of France Aug. 4 in the 

 following year. His reign was spent 

 in warfare, first with his brother 

 Robert, and then with his vassals, 

 prominent among whom was Wil- 

 liam of Normandy, the Conqueror 

 of England. He also had relations, 

 not always friendly, with the pope 

 and the emperor Henry III. 



Henry II (1519-59). King of 

 France. Son of Francis I, he passed 

 part of his early life in Spain, where 

 from 1526-30 

 he was a host- 

 age. In 1533 

 he m arried 

 Catherine de' 

 Medici, and in 

 1536 became 

 heir to the 

 throne on the 

 death of his 

 elder brother 

 Francis. For 

 the next ten years he occupied 

 himself mainly in dissipations, was 

 dominated by his mistress, Diana 

 of Poitiers, and quarrelled with his 

 father, one difference being due to 

 the dauphin's Spanish sympathies. 

 In 1547 he became king, and his 

 rule of eleven years was a period 

 of oppression at home and war 

 abroad. His favourites managed 

 everything in their own interests, 

 for the manly frame of the king 

 was not matched by a manly spirit. 

 During a tournament held to 

 celebrate a double wedding in the 

 royal family, Henry was wounded 



Henry III, 

 King of France 



in the head by the lance of the count 

 of Montgomery on June 30, and he 

 died July 10,' 1559. Three of his 

 eons, Francis II, Charles IX, and 

 Henry III, came to the throne ; 

 the other was Francis, duke of 

 Anjou. One of his daughters was 

 the wife of Philip II of Spain, and 

 another of Henry of Navarre. 



Henry III (1551-89). King of 

 France. Third son of Henry II and 

 Catherine de' Medici, Henry was 

 born at Fon- 

 t a i n e b 1 e a u, 

 Sept. 19, 1551. 

 In 1573 he was 

 elected, against 

 his own will, 

 king of Poland. 

 Soon the death 

 of his elder 

 brother, 

 Charles IX, in 

 1574, brought 

 him back to France as king. Al- 

 though a man of considerable 

 ability, the real ruler of his kingdom 

 was his mother. He found a dan- 

 gerous enemy in Henry, duke of 

 Guise, and all but lost his crown on 

 the Day of Barricades, May 12, 

 1588, when the Guise party engin- 

 eered a rising in Paris, and then 

 sought in vain to placate popular 

 discontent by summoning the 

 states-general at Blois. There, Dec. 

 23, 1588, he treacherously caused 

 Guise to be assassinated. Excom- 

 municated, he tried to retrieve his 

 power by an alliance with the 

 Huguenots and Henry of Navarre, 

 whom he recognized as his heir, 

 but he was mortally stabbed in 

 Henry's camp at St. Cloud by 

 Jacques Clement, Aug. 1, 1589. 



Henry IV (1553-1610). King of 

 France. Born at Pau, Dec. 14, 

 1553, he was a son of Antony of 

 Bourbon and his wife, Jeanne 

 d'Albret, queen of Navarre. He 

 was brought up as a Protestant, 

 and spent part of his youth at the 

 French court, where he was edu- 

 cated, for the Bourbons were a 

 younger branch of the royal 

 family. The union was made closer 

 by Henry's marriage in 1572 with 

 Margaret, sister of Charles IX ; six 

 days later the massacre of St. 

 Bartholomew occurred. In the 

 same year he became king of 

 Navarre. His life had been spared 

 by his promise of conformity to 

 Roman Catholicism, but in 1576 he 

 joined the Huguenot leaders. 



The absence of children to the 

 French king and his brothers made 

 Henry an important person in 

 France, and for the next 13 years 

 he was concerned in its various 

 intrigues. He began his career as 

 a soldier by leading the Huguenots 

 in the short war that ended in 

 1580, and in 1586-87 he carried 



