HERBARIUM 



3949 



HERBERT 



Herbarium (Lat.). Collection 

 of dried plants attached to loose 

 sheets of paper, arranged in genera, 

 and these again grouped in the 

 natural orders. In making such a 

 collection, care should be taken to 

 select typical and perfect speci- 

 mens, showing all the parts of the 

 plant, root, stem, leaves, flowers, 

 and fruit. They are dried, under 

 increasing pressure between many 

 changes of fairly absorbent paper, 

 before they are mounted, and then 

 attached by narrow strips of 

 gummed paper or by cotton 

 stitches. The cabinet in which 

 they are stored should not be 

 placed against an outer wall, or 

 the specimens will be attacked by 

 mould. Camphor or naphthalene 

 should be freely used in the cabinets, 

 which should be frequently in- 

 spected, to keep away destructive 

 insects. See Botany. 



Her bar t, JOHANN FRIEDRICH 

 (1776-1841). German philosopher 

 and educationist. He was born at 

 Oldenburg, 

 May 4, 1776, 

 and while a 

 tutor in Switz- 

 erland, in 1797, 

 made the ac- 

 quaintance of 

 Pestalozzi, 

 whose system 

 aroused in him 



especially in America, where there 

 is a Herbart Society which pub- 

 lishes a year-book. See The Secret 

 of Herbart, F. H. Hayward, 1907. 



Herbert. Masculine Christian 

 name. Of Teutonic origin, it means 

 bright warrior. It was used by the 

 Franks, variants being Charibert 

 and Haribert, and was brought 

 into England by the Normans. 



Herbert. Name of a noted Eng- 

 lish family, now represented by 

 the earls of Pembroke, Powis and 

 Carnarvon, and various other 

 nobles. The family sprang from a 

 certain small landholder in Mon- 

 mouthshire who lived in the time 

 of Edward III. One of his descen- 

 dants became, about 1430, the 

 owner of Raglan Castle, and his 

 sons definitely took the name of 

 Herbert in place of their Welsh 

 name. One of them, Sir William 

 Herbert, became lord of Pembroke, 

 and one of the chief defenders of 

 the marches against the inroads of 

 the Welsh. In 1468 he was made 

 earl of Pembroke. He lost his life in 

 1469, during the Wars of the Roses, 

 and his earldom died out in 1491. 



The first earl had an illegiti- 

 mate son Richard, who was made 

 marquess of Powis. From him 

 sprang various branches of the 

 family, including those represented 

 bv the earl of Carnarvon and the earl 



1805 he became professor of philo- 

 sophy at Gottingen, and in 1808 suc- 

 ceeded Kant at Konigsberg. The 

 result of his educational theories 

 was seen in the foundation of a 

 pedagogical seminary. In 1833, 

 having incurred the displeasure of 

 the Prussian authorities by his ad- 

 vanced ideas, he returned to Gottin- 

 gen, where he died Aug. 14, 1841. 



At first a follower of Fichte, 

 Herbart later found himself at 

 variance with him on the question 

 of human freedom. He denied 

 that man was free and independent 

 of circumstances, and reverted to 

 Kant's theory that behind the 

 world of sense there were a number 

 of real things, unaffected by the 

 operations of the mind. These 

 " reals," resembling the atoms of 

 Democritus and the monads of 

 Leibniz, are simple elements, 

 differing in quality, which act and 

 react upon one another in a strug- 

 gle for self-preservation, and thus 

 originate the physical world. The 

 soul is one of these reals, whose re- 

 actions give rise to presentations 

 which become ideas. These ideas 

 act as forces striving for possession 

 of the threshold of consciousness. 



Herbart was the first to raise edu- 

 cation to the dignity of a science. 

 His views have had much influence, 



bury, Wilts, 1630-33, where he re- 

 paired the church (S. John's) and 

 rebuilt the parsonage. He married 

 Jane Danvers, of Baynton, Wilts, 

 1629, and, dying of consumption, 

 was buried in Bemerton church, 

 March 3, 1633. The church at 

 Bemerton was restored in 1866. 



Herbert's saintly life at Bemer- 

 ton is reflected in the manual, A 

 Priest to the Temple, or the 

 Country Par- 

 son, His Char- 

 acter and Rule 

 of Holy Life, 

 first printed 

 in 1652. His 

 chief work, 

 The Temple, 

 Sacred Poems 

 and Private 

 Ejaculations, 

 planned in 

 reference t o 

 church architecture, and packed 

 with thought and precept, was 

 first printed 1633, and ran through 

 two editions in that year ; by 1670, 

 20,000 copies had been issued. The 

 MS., now in the Bodleian, was 

 given by Herbert, on his death-bed, 

 to his friend, Nicholas Ferrar, of 

 Little Gidding. 



Read by Charles I in prison 

 and praised by Crashaw, Henry 

 Vaughan, Baxter, and Coleridge, 



George Herbert, 

 English poet 



From a print 



of Powis. His son William was made The Temple ranks with the best 

 earl of Pembroke in 1551, a title re i igioua verse in the language, 

 since held by his descendants. To The Pilgrimage has been described 



it the earldom of Montgomery was 

 added in 1605. The earl. also holds 

 three baronies of Herbert. Herberts 

 held other titles now extinct, in- 

 cluding the earldom of Torrington 

 and the viscounty of Ludlow. See 

 Pembroke, earl of ; Powis, earl of. 



Herbert, GEORGE (1593-1633). 

 English poet and divine. Born in 

 Montgomery, Wales, April 3, 1593, 



as Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress in 

 miniature. The conceits in the 

 verse are attributed to the influence 

 of Herbert's friend, John Donne. 

 Herbert found his chief relaxation 

 in his devotion to music. 



Bibliography. Life, I. Walton, 

 1670, often reprinted ; Works, ed. 

 A. B. Grosarfc, 1874; R. A. Will- 

 _ _ , mott, 1885 ; G. H. Palmer, 1905 ; The 



younger brother of Lord Herbert Temple, ed. E. C. S. Gibson, 1899 ; 

 of Cherbury, he was educated at G. Herbert and His Times, A. G. 

 Westminster School and Trinity Hyde, 1907. 

 College, Cam- 

 bridge. He became 

 fellow, 1616, and 

 was public orator, 

 1619-27. Disap- 

 pointed of court 

 preferment under 

 James I, he 

 turned to the 

 study of divinity. 

 He was prebend of 

 Leighton Broms 

 wold, Hunts, with 

 the stall of Leigh- 

 ton Ecclesia in 

 Lincoln Cathedral, 

 1626 , restored the 

 church of S. Mary, 

 Leighton ; was 



rector ot r uggles- Q eorge Herbert. Tue old cmiren at fcemerton, uear aausoury. 

 ton with Bemer- O f which he was rector, and where he was buried in 1633 

 ton, near Salis- Frith 



