HERZEN 



Herzen, ALEXANDER IVANOVITCH 

 (1812-70). Russian publicist. 

 Born at Moscow, the natural son 

 of a rich nobleman. Yakolev, he 

 was exiled at the age of 23 to 

 Siberia on account of his advanced 

 views. In 1838 he married, and in 



1841 was exiled to Novgorod. In 



1842 he returned to Moscow, and 

 published Annals of the Fatherland, 

 Letters on the Study of Nature 

 (under the pseudonym Iskander), 

 and two novels, Whose Fault ? 

 and Doctor Kroupov, 1845-46. 



Herzen' s father leaving him a 

 fortune, he removed to Paris, 

 whence he was banished, and went 

 to Nice. In 1850 he published, in 

 German, Vom andern Ufer (From 

 the other shore), in which he pro- 

 claimed the end of the old Euro- 

 pean system and its regeneration 

 by the Russian community. Then 

 came, in French, Du Developpe- 

 ment des Idees Revolutionnaires 

 en Russie, 1851, Eng. trans. 1853. 



Herzen removed to London, 

 where he set up a Russian print- 

 ing press and started a revolu- 

 tionary periodical, The Polar Star. 

 He published his memoirs, My 

 Exile, 1855, and on July 1, 1857, 

 began the issue of a weekly revo- 

 lutionary journal, Kolokol (The 

 Bell), which was smuggled into 

 Russia in hundreds of thousands. 

 In 1859 he published, in English, 

 Memoirs of Catherine II and the 

 Princess Dachkov. Coming under 

 the influence of Bakunin, Herzen 

 adopted extreme views which 

 greatly diminished his influence. 

 He died in Paris, Jan. 21, 1870. 



Heshbon. Ancient city of Pales- 

 tine. It stood at the N.E. corner of 

 the Dead Sea, and was the capital of 

 Sihon. king of the Amorites, and was 

 captured by the Israelites on their 

 way to Canaan. (Numb, xxi, 25). 



Hesiod (fl. c. 700 B.C.). Greek 

 didactic poet. He lived at Ascra, 

 at the foot of Mt. Helicon, in 

 Boeotia, his father having been an 

 immigrant from Kyme, in Asia 

 Minor. Details of his life are ob- 

 scure, but there is reason to believe 

 that he lost his patrimony in a law- 

 suit against his brother, Perses, 

 who bribed the judge. As a result 

 of this, Hesiod removed to the 

 neighbourhood of the Gulf of 

 Corinth^ where he spent the rest of 

 Ms life, "until, according to legend, 

 he was murdered. 



A farmer by profession, one 01 

 his poems, Works and Days, is a 

 didactic poem, part of which is 

 largely a manual of agriculture, to 

 which Virgil is much indebted. 

 Works and Days, however, is a 

 composite poem, another part of it 

 consisting of a sort of moral essay 

 on the dignity of labour, and the 

 injustice of rulers and judges. 



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Hesiod's other surviving poem, 

 Theogony, is an account of the 

 creation of the world, and a history 

 of the gods and 

 demi-gods. The 

 two poems 

 The Shield of 

 Heracles and 

 the Contest of 

 Homer and 

 Hesiod are not 

 genuine. I n 

 later ages 

 Hesiod was Hesiod ' Greek P et 

 much used as a 



school book. The best edition of 

 the text with English notes is that 

 of Paley, 1883, and there arc prose 

 translations in Bonn's Classical 

 Library, by J. Banks, and by A. 

 W. Mair, 1908. 



Hesione. In Greek mythology, 

 daughter of Laomedon, king of 

 Troy. Poseidon and Apollo, 

 offended by Laomedon, sent a 

 monster to whom yearly a maiden 

 had to be sacrificed. Hesione was 

 about to suffer this fate when she 

 was rescued by Hercules, who 

 slew the monster with his club. 

 Hercules had been promised a 

 team of beautiful horses as a re- 

 ward, but Laomedon refused to 

 keep his promise. Hercules, there- 

 fore, killed the deceitful king, set 

 Priam on the throne in his stead, 

 and married Hesione to his friend 

 Telamon. Pron. He-si- onee. 



Hesperia (Gr. Hesperos, evening 

 star). Term applied by the Greek 

 poets to Italy as being the western 

 land. Roman poets sometimes 

 applied the name to Spain. 



Hesperian. British steamship. 

 Belonging to the Allan line, she 

 was torpedoed and sunk without 

 warning by a German submarine, 

 Sept. 4, 1915, while bound from 

 Liverpool to Montreal. 



Hesperides. In Greek mytho- 

 logy, nymphs who guarded the 

 golden apples of Hera (q.v.). Their 

 gardens were variously fixed in 

 the Far West by different legends. 

 The quest of three of these golden 

 apples was one of the twelve 

 labours of Hercules. The name 

 was chosen by Herrick (q.v.) as 

 title for a series of his poems. 



Hesperornis (Gr. hespera, even- 

 ing, west; ornis, bird). One of the 

 fossil birds of the Cretaceous system. 

 It is remarkable for possessing 

 teeth, and so showing the descent 

 of birds from reptiles. Only ex- 

 tremely rudimentary remains have 

 been found in Kansas, but from 

 these have been deduced the facts 

 that the bird was 3 ft. high, and 

 probably a strong swimmer, though 

 unable to fly. See Odontornith.es. 



Hesperus. In Greek mytho- 

 logy, the name of the evening star. 

 See Venus. 



HESSE 



Hess. Name of a family of 

 German artists. Peter von Hess 

 was born at Diisseldorf, son of a 

 painter and engraver, July 29, 

 1792, and, having served with the 

 Bavarian army during 1813-15, 

 became well known as a painter of 

 battle scenes. Examples of his 

 spirited work are to be found at 

 Berlin and Munich. He died at 

 Munich, April 4, 1871. Heinrich 

 Maria von Hess was born on April 

 19, 1798, studied in Munich and 

 Rome, and became director of the 

 Munich galleries. His work was 

 chiefly of a religious character, 

 notable examples being decora- 

 tions in the chapel of All Saints 

 and the basilica at Munich. He 

 died there on March 29, 1863. 

 Another brother, Karl (1801-74), 

 was an attractive painter of Alpine 

 landscapes and genre pictures, 

 some of which are in the National 

 Gallery, Berlin. 



Hesse. State of the German 

 republic, until 1918 a grand duchy. 

 In the west of the country, its area 

 is 2,970 sq. m., and it has a popu- 

 lation of 1,280,000. It is divided 

 into three provinces, Upper Hesse, 

 Rhenish Hesse, and Starkenburg. 

 and 19 Kreise or circles. Part of 

 Prussia separates Upper Hesse 

 from the others, and the republic 

 has small, isolated pieces of terri- 

 tory elsewhere, one being Wimpfen. 

 The Rhine and the Wettau flow 

 through the state. There are a 

 number of hills, but much of the 

 land is flat. Darmstadt is the 

 capital, and before 1866, when 

 there were several states of Hesse, 

 the grand duchy was known as 

 Hesse-Darmstadt. Mainz is the 

 largest town ; others are Offenbach, 

 Worms, and Giessen. Agriculture 

 is the main occupation, rye, barley, 

 potatoes, and vines being largely 

 grown. Coal and iron are mined. 

 The republic is governed by a 

 ministry responsible to a Landtag 

 of 70 members, the largest party 

 therein being the Socialists. 



The name of Hesse is that of a 

 Frankish tribe, the Hessi, who 

 gave their name to a district much 

 larger than the present republic. 

 Hessegau, as it was called about 

 the 8th century, was in the king- 

 dom of the Franks, in the empire 

 of Charlemagne, and in that of 

 Otto the Great. Its early bound- 

 aries were never exactly defined, 

 but it was the region watered by 

 the Fulda, Werra, Lahn, and Eder, 

 while it included the important 

 places, Fulda, Hersfeld, and Mar- 

 burg. It had its own counts, but 

 from about 1140 until 1247 was 

 under the rule of the landgraves of 

 Thuringia. About 1265, Henry, 

 a son of the duke of Brabant, be- 

 came ruler of Hesse, and from that 



