HESSIAN FLY 



3977 



HEULANDITE 



outdoor dress it formed for a 

 time part of the dress of English 

 general officers until superseded 

 by the Wellington boot. See Boots 

 and Shoes, colour plate. 



Hessian Fly (Cecidomyia de- 

 structor). Dipterous insect of the 

 gall midge group. One of the most 



Hessian Fly. A destructive midge, 

 greatly enlarged 



destructive farm pests in the world, 

 it resembles a minute gnat, not 

 quite vV in. in length, and deposits 

 its eggs on the leaves of wheat and 

 other cereals. These hatch in a few 

 days, and the larvae travel down 

 inside the leaf sheath and make 

 their abode just above one of the 

 nodes of the stem. They feed on the 

 plant for about three weeks, and 

 then pupate and turn into the 

 imago. 



The adult stage lasts only a few 

 hours, during which time mating 

 takes place and the eggs are de- 



nited. There are from one to six 

 ods in the year, and the mis- 

 chief done to the crops is some- 

 times enormous. In 1900 the total 

 damage done in America by this in- 

 sect was estimated at 20,000,000. 

 It first appeared in Great Britain in 

 1886, but has not become common. 



Hessle. Town and urban dis- 

 trict of Yorkshire (E.R. ). It stands 

 on the Humber, 4 m. S.W. of 

 Hull, of which it is practically a 

 suburb, and is a station on the 

 N.E. Ely. The council owns a 

 public hall, and has laid out 

 lOij acres as a recreation ground. 

 Market day, Tuesday. Pop. 5,300. 



Hest Bank. Watering-place of 

 Lancashire. It stands on More- 

 cambe Bay, 3^ m. from Lancaster, 

 and has a station on the L. & N.W. 

 Rly. The name of the parish in 

 which it stands is Slyne with Hest. 

 From here coaches formerly crossed 

 the sands of Morecambe Bay to 

 Kent's Bank, 9 m. away. Pop. 540. 



Hestia (Gr., hearth). In Greek 

 mythology, the goddess of the 

 hearth. She was not only a do- 

 mestic goddess, but in every town 

 and state there was a hearth sacred 

 to Hestia, the fire of which was 

 never allowed to go out. Her 

 Roman counterpart was Vesta. 



Heston. Parish and village of 

 Middlesex, England. It is 12 m. 

 W.S.W. of London on the Metro- 

 politan Dist. Rly. Osterley Park, 



in the vicinity, is the seat of the 

 earl of Jersey. With Isleworth it 

 forms the urban dist. of Heston and 

 Isleworth, the council of which 

 has established an electricity 

 undertaking, public baths, and 

 libraries. Pop. parish, 3,800 ; 

 urban dist., 43,300. See Isleworth. 



Heswall. Village of Cheshire, 

 England. It is within the parish of 

 Heswall-cum-Oldfield, and stands 

 on the Dee estuary, with a station 

 on the Birkenhead Rly. (L. & N. W. ) 

 and G.W. Rly. Pop. 3,600. 



Hesychasts (Gr. hesychos, quiet). 

 Term applied to a school of Quiet- 

 ists among the Greek monks of Mt. 

 Athos in the 14th century. They 

 practised a kind of self -hypnotism 

 by gazing fixedly at their own 

 navels, searching the seat of the 

 soul, and in this condition were 

 supposed to receive spiritual illu- 

 mination. They held that God 

 dwells in eternal light ; that this 

 light is the vehicle of His activity ; 

 and that the light illuminates the 

 souls of those who practise in- 

 tense abstraction and self-denial. 

 Their teaching gave rise to con- 

 troversy in the Eastern Church. 



Hesychius (5th century A.D.). 

 Alexandrian grammarian. He was 

 the author of a Greek lexicon, 

 which is of great value for its col- 

 lection of unusual words, and quo- 

 tations from authors whose works 

 have been lost. Hesychius was a 

 heathen, and the work in its present 

 form contains obvious traces of 

 revision by a Christian scribe or 

 grammarian. The source of the 

 work is the lexicon of Diogenianus 

 (2nd century), itself based upon an 

 earlier one by Pamphilus (1st 

 century). He is not to be con- 

 founded with Hesychius of Miletus, 

 probably of the 6th century, author 

 of a universal history from the 

 earliest times down to the death of 

 Anastasius, 518, part of which, 

 dealing with the history of Con- 

 stantinople, is still extant ; and of 

 an Onomatologos (list), or bio- 

 graphical dictionary of literary 

 persons and others, much used by 

 Sui'das in his lexicon. 



Hetairai OR HETAERAE. Superior 

 class of courtesans in ancient 

 Greece who flourished especially at 

 Athens and Corinth. Accomplished 

 dancers and musicians, many of 

 them were also highly educated. 

 The most famous of them were 

 Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, a 

 woman of high intellectual gifts 

 and great powers of fascination, 

 and Phryne, who sat as a model to 

 Apelles for his great picture of 

 Aphrodite Anadyomene (q.v.). 



Heteropoda (Gr. heteros, other ; 

 pous, foot). Section of the Gas- 

 tropoda in which the molluscs are 

 adapted for free swimming at sea. 



The foot is modified and flattened 

 laterally to serve the purpose of a 

 fin, and the animal swims with its 

 lower side uppermost. They are 

 met with at the surface of the 

 warmer seas, usually in dense com- 

 panies. The shell and tissues are 

 transparent, so that the internal or- 

 gans can be seen; and all the species 

 are carnivorous. They are divided 

 into three families, having respec- 

 tively a coiled shell, a rudimentary 

 one, and no shell. See Gastropoda. 



Heteroptera (Gr. heteros, other ; 

 pteron, wing). Division of the 

 Hemiptera, an order of insects, in 

 which the wings are unlike. The 

 fore-wings are chitinous at the base 

 and membranous at the apex, being 

 thus partly elytra, while the hind- 

 wings are wholly membranous. 

 They lie flat on the back, not slop- 

 ing at an angle to form a kind of 

 roof. Like all the hemiptera, they 

 are provided with a rostrum or 

 beak, and obtain their food by 

 suction. Known as land bugs and 

 water bugs, they include many 

 families. The common bed bug be- 

 longs, to this sub-order. See Insect. 



Hetman (Ger. Hauptmann, head 

 man or captain). Polish military 

 title. In the old kingdom of Po- 

 land the head of the army bore 

 the title of great hetman, but after 

 the defeat and disbanding of the 

 army in 1792 the rank ceased to 

 exist. In its Russian form of 

 ataman it has been employed from 

 early times to designate the chief 

 of the Cossacks. See Cossack. 



Hetton. Urban dist. and parish 

 (Hetton-le-Hole) of Durham, Eng- 

 land. It is 7 m. S.S.W. of Sunder- 

 land, on the N.E.R. The neigh- 

 bouring coal mines employ most 

 of the inhabitants. Market day, 

 Friday. Pop. 15,700. 



Heudicourt. Village of France,, 

 in the dept. of Somme. It is 10 m. 

 N.E. of Peronne and 1 m. W. of 

 Epehy. Captured by the British 

 April 1, 1917, with Epehy, it was 

 a stage in the great March retreat, 

 1918, traversed by the British 9th 

 and 21st divisions. It was taken 

 by the British Aug. 30, 1918, lost 

 again the same day, and finally 

 recovered Sept. 1. See Arras, 

 Battles of; Bapaume, Battle of; 

 Somme, Battles of the. 



Heulandite. Name of a hy- 

 drous calcium and aluminium 

 silicate. It is a white, pearly white, 

 and occasionally red mineral of 

 the zeolite group, first separated 

 from stilbite by A. Breithaupt in 

 1818. Heulandite is found in cavi- 

 ties of igneous rocks, in particular 

 in Iceland, Faroe Islands, Kil- 

 patrick and Campsie Hills, and 

 Skye in Scotland. It occasionally 

 occurs in granite and gneiss. See 

 Stilbite; Zeolite. 



