HILLER 



3994 



HILVERSUM 



Killer, FERDINAND (1811-85). 

 German composer and pianist- 

 Born at Frankfort-on-Main, of 

 Jewish parents, Oct. 24, 1811, he 

 showed great gifts as a pianist when 

 still a youth. After living in Paris 

 for some years, where he played 

 frequently, he went in 1850 to 

 Cologne, where he organized the 

 Conservatoire and became its first 

 director, retaining that post until 

 his death, May 10, 1885. Killer's 

 compositions include operas, son- 

 atas, quartets, etc. 



Hill-fort. Stronghold erected 

 upon the summit of a natural 

 eminence. Developed in the late 

 neolithic and early metal ages, 

 sometimes for occasional refuge 

 rather than continuous occupa- 

 tion, many thousands are scattered 

 throughout the United Kingdom. 

 They usually comprise artificial 

 ramparts following the contour of 

 hilltops, and utilising natural de- 

 fences where they exist. In Eng- 

 land and Ireland they are usually 

 of earthwork, in Wales and Scot- 

 land more commonly of stone. 



Notable examples are those on 

 the Herefordshire Beacon near Mal- 

 vern ; Chanctonbury Hill, Sussex ; 

 Hembury Fort, Devon ; Pillesdon 

 Pen and Maiden Castle, Dorset ; 

 Castle-an-Dinas and the drystone 

 Carn Brea, Cornwall ; and Tre'r 

 Ceiri, Carnarvonshire. Some of 

 them became adapted to Roman, 

 Saxon, and even Norman use. Simi- 

 lar earthworks in Ireland are called 

 raths, as on Tara Hill, co. Meath. 

 The Aran Isles, off Galway, contain 

 some superb stone forts which as 

 in N. Scotland are called duns. 



Hill-forts arose in ancient Pales- 

 tine, as at Gezer, and were greatly 

 developed by the ancient and 

 medieval military communities of 

 Europe and Asia, being found 

 from the Pyrenees to the Indo- 

 Afghan frontier, with neolithic 

 examples in the Deccan. There 

 are hundreds of them in New Zea- 

 land, with palisaded ramparts and 

 ditches, ultimately derived from 

 prehistoric contact with these Cau- 

 casian models. Primitive strong- 

 holds were sometimes established in 

 such commanding situations that 

 they gave birth to some of the 

 world's greatest cities, such as 

 Jerusalem, Athens, Rome, and 

 Edinburgh. See Dun ; Rath : 

 Vitrified Fort. 



Hillhead. Parish and burgh oi 

 Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is con- 

 nected with Glasgow, of which it 

 forms a residential suburb, by a 

 bridge over the Kelvin, rebuilt in 

 1894. Glasgow University is in 

 Hillhead. See Glasgow. 



Hills borough. Market town of 

 co. Down, Ireland. It is 12 m. 

 from Belfast, and is served by the 



Hilt. 1. Italian sword, 16th century. 2. Turkish yataghan. 3. Japanese, 

 17th cent. 4. Persian sabre. 5. French, 17th cent. 6. Backsword, 17th 

 cent. 7. Sword, 12th cent. 8. Italian, 16th cent. 9. Sikh tulwar. 

 10. Italian rapier, 17th cent. 11. Bilbao cut and thrust sword. 12. Cut 

 and thrust, 15th cent. 



Great Northern of Ireland Rly., 

 and the Lagan Canal. The chief 

 industry is the linen manufacture. 

 The town arose around the resi- 

 dence of the Hills, hence its name, 

 and the marquess of Downshire, 

 the head of that family, still lives 

 at Hillsborough Castle. Pop. 540. 



Hill Tippera. State of India, 

 under the government of Bengal. 

 Its area is 4,086 sq. m. The area 

 under cultivation is uncertain, but 

 rice and cotton are the chief crops. 

 The capital is Agartala. Pop. 

 229,600, two-thirds Hindus, one- 

 quarter Mahomedans. 



Hilmi Pasha, HUSSEIN (1856- 

 1923). Turkish statesman. Hav- 

 ing occupied posts in the 



Hilt. Handle of a sword. It is 

 an Anglo-Saxon word, and from 

 it comes the phrase "up to the 

 hilt," meaning thoroughly, the 

 sword having been driven in as far 

 as it will go. See Celt ; Sword. 



Hilton, HAROLD HOESFALL 

 (b. 1869). British golfer. Born at 

 West Kirby, Cheshire, Jan. 12, 

 1869, he won nra^^^n^^M 

 the open golf | 

 champions hip 1 

 in 1892 and 

 1897, and the 

 Irish open 

 championship 



_^^ Turkish pro- 



jflBflH^ vinces, he was 



appointed 

 IB minister of the 

 jp interior in 

 W *&> 1908, was 



grand vizier 

 ror seven 

 months 

 1909, and 

 1912 became 

 ambassador to 



Vienna after a brief term as minis- 

 ter of justice. His grand vizier- 

 ship in 1914 was marked by 

 his sympathetic attitude towards 

 British interests and aims in the 

 Great War, and by hostility to 

 Germany He died April 3, 1923 



Hilmi Pasha, 

 Turkish statesman 



in 1897, 1900, 

 1901, and 1902. 

 He was ama- 

 teur champion "H. H. Hilton, 

 in 1900, 1901, British golfer 

 1911, and 1913 ; and runner-up in 

 1891, 1892, and 1896. In 1911 he 

 won the American amateur cham- 

 pionship. He wrote My GolHng 

 Reminiscences, 1907. 



Hilton of Cad boll. Village on 

 i n the Moray Firth, Scotland. Until 

 in 1921 it possessed a sculptured stone 

 containing carvings of high an- 

 tiquity. In 1921 it was presented to 

 the nation. See Sculptured Stones. 



Hilversum. Market town of 

 the Netherlands, in the prov. of 

 N. Holland. It is situated in a 

 hilly and sandy district, 18 m. by 

 rly. E.S.E. of Amsterdam, and 

 is a favourite summer resort. It 



