HINDERLAND 



HINDUISM 



The line included the dry bed of 

 the Canal du Nord and the tunnels 

 of the Schelde canal. Behind it 

 was a fortified area called the 

 Siegfried zone, while farther to 

 the rear, covering Cambrai, were 

 the Hunding and the Brunhilde 

 lines, completed in 1918. To the 

 N. from E. of Lens to Queant was 

 the Wotan line (q.v. ) or " switch " 

 covering Douai, and the Hermann 

 line (Le Cateau to Ghent) guard- 

 ing the German right flank. The 

 names Siegfried, Wotan, and so on 

 were taken from the Norse my- 

 thology, as interpreted to the Ger- 

 man people by Wagner. The be- 

 lief in the impregnable character 

 of this fortified line was zealously 

 fostered in Germany in 1917-18, 

 to counteract the growing de- 

 moralisation of the people. It was 

 Ludendorff s own opinion that the 

 line could be held until the U-boat 

 campaign had forced the Allies to 

 sue for peace. 



The result of the battle of the 

 Somme, July-Nov., 1916, caused 

 the Germans to retreat to the 

 Hindenburg line, followed by the 

 Allies. In the third battle of 

 Arras, particularly in the fight- 

 ing around Bullecourt, a con- 

 siderable section of the line fell 

 into British hands. In the first 

 battle of Cambrai, Nov., 1917, the 

 British approached the line but 

 failed to shake the German hold 

 on it. It was not until the great 

 counter offensive of 1918 that 

 it was really approached and 

 smashed The battle of Epe'hy 

 (q.v.) was fought to clear the ap- 

 proaches to the Hindenburg line, 

 and give the British control of im- 

 portant ground W. of the Canal 

 du Nord before the main assault. 

 In this battle the British penetrated 

 the fortified zone to a depth of 

 3 m., reaching everywhere the 

 outworks of the line itself. The 

 second battle of Cambrai gained 

 for the British a large system of the 

 Hindenburg line, and its loss so 

 greatly demoralised the German 

 troops that Ludendorff in that 

 month warned his govt. that an 

 Allied break-through was possible. 

 The Wotan line was stormed by 

 Canadian troops on Sept. 2, 1918. 

 See Arras, Third battle of ; Epehy, 

 Battle of ; Cambrai, Battles of. 



Hinderland OR HINTERLAND. 

 Term generally used to denote the 

 land behind coastal belts. It is 

 the anglicised form of the German 

 word hinterland, which probably 

 came into general use in England 

 in connexion with the European 

 occupation of various parts of the 

 W. African coast. The term is 

 technically used in economic geo- 

 graphy for the region or regions 

 which lie behind a port or group 



of ports through which they 

 export the bulk of their goods 

 and receive the greater part of 

 their imports. Thus the Central 

 Plain of Ireland is the hinderland 

 of Dublin, for that port collects by 

 rail, road, and canal the greater 

 part of the produce exported 

 from Central Ireland to Great 

 Britain, while it receives and 

 distributes the imports of the same 

 region. 



Hindhead. Eccles. and residen- 

 tial district, hill, and common of 

 Surrey, England. It is on the 

 Portsmouth Road, 2 m. N.W. of 

 Haslemere, with which it is con- 

 nected by a motor-' bus service. 

 John Tyndall called Hindhead the 

 next best place to the Bel Alp, and 



Hindhead. Stone commemorating the murder of 

 sailor on the Portsmouth Road in 1786 



since then it has been a favourite 



Slace of residence for literary men. 

 n Gibbet Hill, 895 ft., was the 

 gallows on which the murderers of 

 an unknown sailor, Sept. 24, 1786, 

 were hanged in chains. Near by is 

 the glen known colloquially as the 

 Devil's Punchbowl (q.v.). 



Excepting Leith Hill, Hindhead 

 and its neighbour, Blackdown, 

 918 ft., are the highest points of 

 the Greensand ridge, which here 

 abuts upon the Wealden plain. 

 The Wey rises to the S. on Black- 

 down, circles around Hindhead on 

 the W. and N., and receives 8 small 

 streams which radiate from the 

 plateau ; the most notable flows 

 from the Devil's Punchbowl. The 



Portsmouth Road runs just below 

 the plateau edge, from which mag- 

 nificent views are seen. 



Hindley. Urban dist. and 

 parish of Lancashire, England. It 

 is 2 m. S.E. of Wigan on the L. & 

 Y. and G.C. Rlys. The chief 

 industries are cotton manufactures 

 and coal-mining. The council owns 

 the water supply, gas, and markets. 

 Pop. (1921) 23,574. 



Hindlip. Village of Worcester- 

 shire. It is 3 m. from Droitwich, 

 and here is Hindlip Hall, the seat 

 of Lord Hindlip. In an older hall 

 some of the conspirators of the 

 Gunpowder Plot hid themselves. 

 In 1886 Sir Henry Allsopp, Bart, 

 (1811-87), the head of the firm of 

 brewers at Burton-on-Trent, was 

 made a baron and 

 | took his title from 

 here. This is still 

 held by his 

 descendants. 



Hind marsh. 

 Suburb of Ade- 

 laide, capital of 

 South Australia. 

 It is on the Torrens 

 2 m. from the 

 city- Pop. 11,335. 

 Hindd. Island 

 off the N.W. coast 

 of Norway. The 

 largest of the 

 Lofod'en and 

 Vesteraalen 

 Islands, its area is 

 1. m. Its coast-line is deeply 

 indented by fiords and is partly 

 wooded. Harstad is the chief of 

 several harbours. Here are hotels, 

 an ancient church, and a Lapp 

 encampment. Lodingen is a fishery 

 station and port of call on Vest 

 fiord. Pop. 10,050. 



Hindu. General name for the 

 native, non-European inhabitants 

 of India. In a narrower sense, the 

 Hindus are that part of the popu- 

 lation of Aryan origin which in 

 prehistoric times migrated from 

 the north-west into the Ganges 

 district, and thence spread over 

 the south. Their chief represen- 

 tatives to-day are the Brahmans 

 and Rajputs. 



HINDUISM : ITS ORIGIN AND INFLUENCE 



T. Witton Davies, Prof., University College, Bangor 



Further information about the Hindus is given in the article on 



India. See Brahmanism ; Vedas ; also Devi; Sati, and other 



deities ; Saktas ; Sivaites ; Thugs 



(Dravidians, etc.). But two things 

 remain as prominent in Hinduism 

 as in Brahmanism. the supreme 

 position of the Brahman, and the 

 rigid observation of caste. 



The Vedas and the Brahmanas 

 are still regarded as the ultimate 

 authority in religion, though the 

 former are little read and exercise 



Hinduism is a term used for the 

 new Brahmanism which came into 

 being in India after the decline and 

 banishment of Buddhism from that 

 country. Modern Brahmanism, or 

 Hinduism, is a conglomeration of 

 original Brahmanism, of Buddhism, 

 and of elements from other cults, 

 especially those of the aborigines 



