HINDU KUSH 



HINGHAM 



reaches the highest place among 

 gods in the Puranas. All Vishnu- 

 I ites worship Vishnu or one of his 

 ! ten or more incarnations. They 

 are strongest in middle India. 

 There are two Vi^hnuite sects, the 

 Krishnaites, the most numerous 

 though the least intellectual, who 

 regard Krishna, and the Ramaites 

 who regard Rama, as the principal 

 Avatar or Incarnation of Vishnu. 

 The Ramaites are themselves split 

 up into two leading parties : ( 1 ) those 

 who hold the " cat-doctrine," as it 

 is called in the sacred books, viz. 

 that God saves a man as a cat takes 

 up its helpless kitten and carries it 

 out of danger; (2) those who support 

 the monkey-theory, that in order 

 to be saved a man must lay hold of 

 God as a young monkey does of 

 its mother. 



Cults of the Sivaites 

 The Sivaites worship as their su- 

 preme deity Siva ( = the propitious 

 one), the modern representative of 

 the Vedic Rudra, the destroyer, 

 only that Siva is regarded as "the 

 preserver as well as the destroyer 

 of life. The headquarters of Siva- 

 ism are the extreme north and the 

 southern part of India. Siva's 

 symbol is thelinga (phallus), gener- 

 lly accompanied by the yoni and 



ligions of India, E. W. Hopkins, 

 1895; Hinduism Past and Present, 

 J. M. Mitchell, 1897 ; History of Re- 

 ligions, Vol. I, G. F. Moore, 1914. 

 Hindu Kush (anc. Paropami- 

 sus). Extensive mountain range 

 of Central Asia. It extends from 

 the Pamir mountain knot in a S.W. 

 direction, as far as lat. 34 30' N. 

 and long. 67 40' E. The range 

 lies partly in Afghanistan, and 

 separates Badakshan on the N. 

 from Kafiristan on the S., and has 



Hinge. 1. Ordinary butt pattern. 



2. Pin, hook-and-eye hinge. 3. 



Strap hinge 



often by the figure of an elephant. 

 These were perhaps intended 

 originally to represent the god as 

 the producer of the world, and in 

 the minds of many devout Hindus 

 no other conception is present. 

 Siva's consorts play an important 

 and sinister part in this cult. They 

 are all supposed to be the one 

 consort of Siva, under various 

 names and with correspondingly 

 different attributes. Thus Devi, 

 or the Goddess; Durga, the un- 

 approachable ; Kali (cf. Calcutta), 

 the black one ; Gawri, the bright 

 one; Sati, the faithful one ; 

 Parvati, the daughter of the moun- 

 tain ; Bhavair, the terrible one ; 

 and Karali, the horrible one. 



The principal subdivisions of the 

 Sivaites are the Saktas and the 

 Thugites. The first get their name 

 from Sakti, the female principle. 

 In reality the Saktas worship Siva 

 on his female side and practise 

 indescribable obscenities as a part 

 of their religion. Their bible is the 

 Tantras. The Thugites profess to 

 worship the female principle under 

 the name Kali. Besides being 

 guilty of the sexual obscenities of 

 the Saktas, they make murder a 

 part of their religion. They have, 

 indeed, a doctrine that no blood 

 should be shed, but parry this by 

 throttling their victims. 



Bibliography. The Religions of 

 India, A. Earth, 1882 ; Modern 

 Hinduism, W. J. Wilkins, 1887 ; 

 Brahmanism and Hinduism, M. 

 Monier-Williams, 1891 ; The Re- 



many peaks exceeding 20,000 ft., 

 the loftiest being the Tirach Mir, 

 25,000 ft., dominating Chitral. 

 The W. part of the range is not so 

 stupendous as the N.E. and E., and 

 the snow-line lies at 13,500 ft. 

 It has a length of some 500 m. From 

 Tibet to the Dorah Pass, about 200 

 m., it provides a practically im- 

 pregnable frontier for India. The 

 Amu Daria has its source in these 

 mountains, from which many tri- 

 butaries of the Kabul river, the 

 Chitral, Pan j shir, etc., originate. 

 The valleys of these streams give 

 Kabul its strategic importance. 

 The rocks are mainly granite, 

 gneisses, and schists of various 

 kinds, while sedimentary deposits 

 indicate that the mass was up- 

 heaved in late Tertiary times. 



Hindustan OR HINDOSTAN 

 (Pers., land of the Hindus). Name 

 applied to the Indian peninsula, but 

 more correctly to the Gangetic 

 basin, and the country N. of the 

 Vindhya Mts. See India. 



Hindustani. Name given by 

 Europeans to one of the Aryan 

 languages of India. Its native de- 

 signation is either Hindi or Urdu, 

 the latter meaning language of the 

 camp, so called from its having 

 originated in the headquarters of 

 the great Mogul near Delhi. Hin- 

 dustani, which forms the general 

 official and commercial medium of 

 communication throughout India, 

 contains a large admixture of 

 Arabic and Persian words, and is 

 rather a corrupt form of Hindi 

 than a separate language. The 

 literature, which in "the earliest 

 times consisted chiefly of transla- 

 tions from Sanskrit, " Arabic, and 



Persian, greatly developed during 

 the 19th century. See The Modern 

 Vernacular Literature of Hin- 

 dustan, G. A. Grierson, 1889. 



Hinganghat. Town of India, 

 in the dist. of Wardha. It lies 21 

 m. S.E. of Wardha, on the Wardba- 

 Chanda rly. line, and is an im- 

 portant centre of a cotton-growing 

 area. Pop. 12,700. 



Hinge. Device consisting of 

 plates, bars, or flaps pivoted upon 

 pins, on which they turn relatively 

 to each other. In ordinary types 

 there are two flaps. Hinges are 

 usually made of cast iron, wrought 

 iron, steel, or brass. 



The following are some of the 

 principal patterns : butt hinges, as 

 used for doors ; rising butts, in 

 which the two flaps bear upon each 

 other at an angle where they 

 hinge on the pin, so that a door to 

 which one flap is secured rises as it 

 opens, and its weight upon the 

 tapered seating causes it to close 

 automatically ; tee hinge, with one 

 long tapered flap and one short 

 flap ; box hinge, with two long 

 tapered flaps of which one is some- 

 times bent at right angles ; and 

 flap bracket hinge, with three flaps 

 and two pins at right angles to 

 each other. One flap is screwed 

 to a support, another to a board, 

 and the third forms a bracket 

 which can be hinged out sideways 

 to support the board when hinged 

 outwards from awall. There are also 

 the folding screenhinge, by means of 

 which a screen may be folded either 

 way ; spherical gate hinge, with one 

 long bar-flap hinging about a pin, 

 but bearing upon a cup filled with 

 grease or oil ; and self-closing gate- 

 hinge, with a pair of vertical 

 pivots which serve as a bottom 

 hinge for heavy gates. When the 

 gate is closed, both pivots bear in 

 sockets on the gate-post ; when 

 opened, all the pressure is sus- 

 tained on one pivot only, and the 

 bias thus set up causes the gate to 

 close automatically. 



King ham. Parish and village 

 of Norfolk, England. It is 6 m. W. 

 of Wymondham. The beautiful 

 14th century church of S. Andrew 

 has a noble tower, fine stained 

 glass, and notable monuments. An 

 ancestor of Abraham Lincoln was 

 a native of this place. Pop. 1 ,380. 

 Hingham. Town of Massachu- 

 setts, U.S.A., in Plymouth co. A 

 residential district and .summer 

 resort on Massachusetts Bay, it is 

 17 m. S.E. of Boston, and is served 

 by the New York, New Haven, and 

 Hartford Rly. The chief buildings 

 are the Old Meeting House, founded 

 1681, Derby Academy, and a 

 public library. Hingham was 

 settled in 1633, and incorporated 

 in 1635. Pop. 4,965. 



