H1NKSON 



4001 



HIPPIAS 



Hinkson, KATHERINE TYNAN. 

 Irish novelist and poet, better 

 known by her pen-name of Kathe- 

 rine Tynan (q.v.). 



Hinnom. Valley of Palestine, 

 S.W- of Jerusalem. It was largely 

 used for burning refuse, and was 

 known as Gehenna. Much of the 

 symbolic language of the Bible 

 about hell has reference to this 

 place. See Hell. 



Hinojosa del Duque. Town of 

 Spain, in Cordova province. It is 

 40 m. N.W. of Cordova, and is on 

 the N. slopes of the Sierra Morena, 

 in the valley of the river Zujar. 

 Pop. 11,000. 



Hintze, ADMIRAL VON (b. 1860). 

 German sailor and diplomatist. 

 Entering the navy, he rose to be 

 f u 1 1-admiral, 

 and was a 

 prominent 

 supporter o f 

 Tirpitz. He 

 was attached 

 toTsarNicho- 



as I][ of Rus " 

 sia as personal 

 liaison diplo- 

 Admiral von Hintze, matist b e - 

 German sailor tween the 

 latter and the Kaiser, and pre- 

 vented any reaction on Russia's 

 part against the Kaiser's Moroccan 

 policy. He was appointed to a 

 diplomatic mission to Mexico, and 

 worked against British and Ameri- 

 can interests. Just before the 

 Great War he was appointed Ger- 

 man minister at Peking, where he 

 stirred up agitation against the 

 Allies. He was minister at Chris - 

 tiania in 1917-18, and succeeded 

 von Kiihlmann as foreign minister 

 in July, 1918, resigning in Sept. 



Hip-joint. Enarthrodial or ball 

 and socket joint in the body, the 

 ball being the rounded head of the 

 femur, or thigh-bone, and the 

 socket the cup-shaped hollow, or 

 acetabulum, on the outer side of the 

 pelvis. It is a very strong joint, 

 being surrounded by tough liga- 

 ments, and it permits of a con- 

 siderable range of movement of the 

 thigh in every direction. 



Dislocation of the hip-joint is 

 sometimes congenital, i.e. present 

 at birth, and may affect both limbs. 

 The condition is frequently un- 

 noticed until the child begins to 

 walk, when it causes considerable 

 deformity. The defect may some- 

 times be cured without an opera- 

 tion, the head of the femur being 

 replaced in its socket, and the 

 limb immobilised in plaster of 

 Paris for two or three months. In 

 other cases an operation is neces- 

 sary. Dislocation of the hip from 

 violence is rare, owing to the 

 strength and security of the joint. 

 The head of the femur may be dis- 



placed from its socket either for- 

 wards or backwards ; reduction is 

 often difficult, and the movements 

 to effect it are complex. After re- 

 duction, the legs should be kept 

 tied together for a fortnight, and 

 the patient should not attempt to 

 walk for a month. 



The hip- joint is not infrequently 

 the seat of chronic tuberculosis in 

 young children. The child com- 

 plains of pain in the hip- joint or in 

 the inner side of the knee, and may 

 be observed to limp. There is 

 slight wasting of the muscles of 

 the thigh, and the affected leg 

 appears a little longer than the 

 sound limb. As the disease pro- 

 gresses, the wasting becomes 

 greater, the pain increases, and the 

 leg appears shortened, owing to the 

 tilting up of the pelvis, producing 

 a marked deformity and limp. 

 Abscess formation is likely to 

 occur, and the pus may burrow 

 through the muscles, and discharge 

 through the skin. In the advanced 

 stage there is erosion of the head 

 of the femur, and real, permanent 

 shortening of the limb. The patient 

 may develop tuberculosis in other 

 parts of the body and die. 



If the case is treated early the 

 outlook is hopeful, though there 

 will probably always be some crip- 

 ling of the limb. In the early stages 

 the joint should be given complete 

 rest by keeping the child in bed, 

 any deformity being corrected by 

 appropriate splints or by extending 

 the leg by weights attached to a 

 cord carried over a pulley at the 

 end of the bed. When the acute 

 symptoms and pain have abated, 

 the child is allowed to get about on 

 crutches and a Thomas's splint, 

 which should be worn for six 

 months. Nourishing food and 

 plenty of fresh air are of the 

 greatest importance, and residence 

 in the country or at the seaside is 

 highly beneficial. In severe cases 



! I 



Hip-joint. Anatomical diagram of 

 the ball and socket joint. A. Liga- 

 mentum teres. B. Acetabulum 

 ligament. C. Capsular ligament, 

 turned back. D. Femur or thigh- 

 bone. E. Cotyloid ligament. F. 

 Acetabulum removed 



which are not progressing favour- 

 ably surgical treatment may be 

 indicated. Other affections of the 

 hip- joint are acute and chronic 

 arthritis (rheumatism), and Char- 

 cot's disease, a serious disorganiza- 

 tion of the joint which may occur 

 in the course of syphilis. See 

 Dislocation ; Tuberculosis. 



Hipparchus (fl. c. 146-126 B.C.). 

 Greek astronomer. Born at Nicaea 

 in Bithynia, he chiefly carried out 

 his observations in the island of 

 Rhodes and in Alexandria. His 

 only extant work is a Commentary 

 on the Phaenomena of Eudoxus 

 and Aratus. All that is otherwise 

 known of his numerous writings on 

 astronomy is preserved by Pto- 

 lemy in his Almagest (q.v.). His 

 chief title to fame rested upon his 

 catalogue of 1,080 stars. He deter- 

 mined the length of the solar yeaf 

 with tolerable exactitude, and at- 

 tempted to calculate the eccentri- 

 city of the sun's orbit. He invented 

 trigonometry and originated the 

 method of fixing terrestrial posi- 

 tions by means of circles of latitude 

 and longitude. 



Hipparion (Gr., pony). One of 

 the fossil ancestors of the horse. 

 Remains have been found in Upper 

 Miocene rocks of N. America and 

 the Pliocene deposits of Europe, 

 Asia, and N. Africa. Smaller than 

 the present-day horse, its average 

 height was 4 ft. See Fossils. 



Hipper, VICE-ADMIRAL VON. 

 German sailor. Holding the rank 

 of rear-admiral at the outbreak of 

 the Great War, he was in charge of 

 the German naval raid on Scar- 

 borough and the Hartlepools, Dec. 

 16, 1914, and commanded the 

 cruiser squadron at the battles of 

 the Dogger Bank, Jan. 24, 1915, 

 and Jutland, May 31, 1916. After 

 the latter he was awarded the order 

 Pour le merite by the Kaiser. 

 Hipper was one of several German 

 admirals whose surrender was de- 

 manded by Great Britain. See Jut- 

 land, Battle of. 



Hipperholme. Urban district 

 and village of Yorksliire (W.R.). 

 It is 2 m. from Halifax, of which it 

 is practically a suburb, and has a 

 station on the L. & Y. Rly. The 

 industries include tanning and 

 quarrying, while in the neighbour- 

 hood are coal mines. Pop. 4,400. 



Hippias. Greek sophist. A 

 native of Elis and contemporary of 

 Socrates, he was famous for his ex- 

 tensive knowledge and remarkable 

 memory. He regarded law as op- 

 posed to nature and driving man 

 to act contrary to his natural in- 

 stincts. He gives his name to two 

 dialogues of Plato. 

 Hippias AND HIPPARCHUS. Sons of 

 Peisistratus, and tyrants of Athens. 

 See Harmodius and Aristogiton. 



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