HIPPIUS 



4002 



HIPPOPHAGY 



Hippius, ZINAIDA (b. 1867). 

 Russian writer of fiction. She 

 married the novelist D. S._Merej- 

 kovsky (q.v.). 



Hippo OB HIPPO REGITJ&. An- 

 cient city of N. Africa, which 

 occupied the site of the present 

 Bona, Algeria. Founded by the 

 Phoenicians, it was the favourite 

 residence of the Numidian kings. 

 Under Rome, Hippo Regius nour- 

 ished as a trading centre, and be- 

 came the see of Augustine, who 

 died here in 430. On the advent of 

 Christianity the Roman temples, 

 theatres, and palaces were turned 

 into churches and monasteries. 

 Hippo was sacked by the Vandals 

 and utterly destroyed by the 

 Moslems in the 7th century. 



Hippocrates (c. 460-377 B.C. J.- 

 Greek physician, commonly called 

 the Father of Medicine. One of the 

 first scientific medical men, he was 

 born in the island of Cos, a member 

 of the famous family of priest- 

 physicians, the Asclepiadae (see 

 Aesculapius). An acute and in- 

 defatigable observer, he took full 

 advantage of the opportunity 

 afforded him by the collocation of 

 large numbers of patients in the 



Hippocrates, Greek physician 



From a bust In the British Museum 



Asclepieia at Cos and Cnidos, and 

 he ranks high in the clinical history 

 of medicine and surgery. He had 

 the courage of genius and, subordi- 

 nating the priest to the medical 

 man, treated disease with scientific 

 regard of natural laws, prescribing 

 simple remedies and recognizing 

 the value of diet as an aid to medi- 

 cine. He practised both as physi- 

 cian and surgeon, though his know- 

 ledge of anatomy was limited by 

 the Greeks' objection to dissection. 

 More than 70 of his essays are 

 extant (Eng. traAs. F. Adams, 

 1849). Pron. Hippoc-rateez. 



Hippodrome (Gr. hippos, horse ; 

 dromos, running, course). Course 

 for chariot or horse racing in an- 

 cient Greece. It was oblong in 

 shape with rounded ends. In 

 modern terminology the word, re- 

 gardless of etymological associa- 

 tions, has come to be frequently 

 applied to a theatre giving a 

 variety entertainment. See Amphi- 

 theatre ; Circus. 



Hippodrome, THE LONDON. 

 Variety house in Cranbourne 

 Street, W.C. Designed by Frank 

 Matcham, it was built in 1899 with 

 special arrangements for convert- 

 ing the stage into a circus arena, 

 or a large water tank. It was 

 opened by H. E. Moss in 1900. 

 It was reconstructed in 1909, 

 its former arrangements being 

 modified. 



Hippogriff. Fabulous animal, 

 half horse and half griffon. The 

 name is sometimes applied to a 

 winged horse. 



Hippolyte. In Greek legend, 

 queen of the Amazons. She wore a 

 famous girdle, the gift of her father 

 Ares, to obtain which was one of 

 the twelve labours of Hercules. 

 Refusing to give it up, she was 

 slain by him. According to another 

 legend, Hippolyte invaded Attica 

 at the head of her Amazons, but 

 was defeated by Theseus and be- 

 came his wife. Pron. Hip-poli-tee. 



Hippolytus. In Greek legend, 

 son of Theseus. He rejected the 

 advances of his stepmother, Phae- 

 dra, who thereupon took her own 

 life, leaving behind a letter to 

 Theseus in which she accused 

 Hippolytus as the offender. The- 

 seus, in his anger, called upon 

 Poseidon to destroj'- his son, where- 

 upon the god sent a sea-monster 

 which frightened the horses of 

 Hippolytus, who was thrown out 

 and killed. He was restored to 

 life by Aesculapius and afterwards 

 ruled, under the name of Virbius, 

 in, the grove of Egeria near Aricia. 

 The tragedy is the subject of Euri- 

 pides' drama Hippolytus and of 

 Racine's Phedre. See Phaedra. 



Hippolytus, ROMANUS (d. c. A.D. 

 240). Eccles. writer who is said to 

 have been bishop of the Port of 

 Rome. He was a pupil of Irenaeus 

 and was active in the times of the 

 popes Zephyrinus (202-218) and 

 Callistus (218-223). He wrote in 

 Greek, and is regarded as the author 

 of a work entitled Philosophou- 

 mena; or, Refutation of all Heresies, 

 once attributed to Origen, and 

 aimed especially at the Gnostics. On 

 a marble statue, unearthed at Pon- 

 tus in 1551, and supposed to repre- 

 sent Hippolytus, was found en- 

 graved a list of his works, including 

 the Philosophoumena, part of the 

 MS. of which was found at Mount 



Hippogriff, a fabulous animal 



Athos in 1842, and published in 

 England in 1851. See Hippolytus 

 and Callistus, J. J. I. Dolliiiger, 

 1853, Eng. trans. 1876. 



Hippolytus, CANONS OF. Thirty- 

 eight rules or orders attributed to 

 Hippolytus, bishop of Rome. Ex- 

 isting only in an Arabic translation 

 from a Coptic version of the original 

 Greek, they are valuable for the 

 sidelights they throw on the early 

 life of the Christian Church. 



Hipponax (6th century B.C.). 

 Greek iambic poet. A native of 

 Ephesus, he was expelled thence 

 and settled at Clazomenae. Cari- 

 catured for his ugliness and de- 

 formity, he avenged himself by 

 bitter lampoons. He invented the 

 choliambus, in which a spondee 

 takes the place of an iambus in the 

 last foot. 



Hippophagy (Gr. hippos, horse ; 

 phagein, to eat). Practice of eating 

 horseflesh. An enormous mass of 

 fossil bones found at Solutre in the 

 Rhone valley supports the view 

 that in palaeolithic Europe the 

 wild horse was habitually hunted 

 for food before its domestication 

 for riding and traction. The hip- 

 pophagy of ancient Scythian no- 

 mads still survives in central Asia. 

 The practice is also recorded of 

 early Norsemen, and in recent 

 times horseflesh appeared in the 

 dietary of Danish prisons. In the 

 8th century Pope Gregory III de- 

 clared it to be unclean and exe- 

 crable for human food. The 

 general repugnance of Christendom 

 to this food, like that of Jews to 

 pork, is due in part to considera- 

 tions rooted in primitive phil- 

 osophy. During the reign of 

 terror, in 1793, horseflesh was 

 eaten in Paris, and in Napoleon's 

 retreat from Moscow, in 1812, was 

 made into invalid soup. Some 

 French regiments, in the Crimean 

 campaign of 1855, preserved their 

 health by its use. 



In 1845 the sale of norseflesh 

 was authorised in Munich, and by 

 1855 had reached all German 



