H1UNGNU 



by the Mushki. For a time Hittite 

 lands played an unimportant role, 

 but by 1000 their activities re- 

 vived under the spur of an early 

 iron-age culture until Carchemish, 

 in 717, and Marash in 709, were 

 overthrown. This later period is 

 preferably called post-Hittite. 



The recognition of a distinctive 

 sculptural art at Hamath, Marash, 

 and elsewhere led Sayce, in 1880, 

 to outline this forgotten empire. 

 Besides the remains noticed under 

 Boghazkeui, Carchemish, Hamath, 

 Marash, Sakjegeuzi, and Sinjerli, 

 the rock-sculptures of Ivriz and 

 Karabel, the double-headed eagle 

 and bull-sphinxes of Euyuk may 

 be mentioned. 



The prominent nose and squat 

 build, the high cheek-bones and 

 black pigtailed hair, the conical 

 cap and upturned shoes, the dirk 

 and double-axe, the horsed chariot 

 and four-wheeled cart of Hittite 

 monuments seem to betoken east- 

 ern contact. But the features for- 

 merly held to prove a mongoloid 

 descent characterise upland dwell- 

 ers elsewhere, and the qualities of 

 leadership point to Caucasian 

 rather than Tartar overlordshlp. 

 The art manifests the transmission 

 of ideas both from and to S. Meso- 

 potamia and the pre-Hellenic 

 Aegean. The Assyrian script was 

 adapted to the local dialect. The 

 religion was based upon the primi- 

 tive Anatolian cults, which gave 

 prominence to the earth-mother 

 and the worship of a sky-god 

 Teshub, allied to Thor. See As- 

 syria ; Babylonia ; Palestine ; con- 

 sult also The Hittites, A. H. Sayce, 

 1903; Explorations in Bible Lands, 

 H. V. Hilprecht, 1903 ; The Land 

 of the Hittites, J. Garstang, 1910. 



Hiungnu OR HSIUNGNU. Anci- 

 ent mounted pastoral nomads of 

 Altaian stock in central Asia. They 

 were skin-clad archers, without 

 villages or agriculture, and the 

 construction of the Great Wall 

 about 214 B.C., followed shortly 

 after by another in Chinese Tur- 

 kistan, frustrated their southward 

 raids, and led to their migration 

 westward. See Uigtir. 



Hivites. One of the ancient 

 tribes driven out of their territory 

 by the Hebrews on their invasion 

 of Palestine. Gibeon and Shechem 

 were two of their chief centres. 

 See Palestine. 



Hjelmar. Lake of S. Sweden. 

 It is 40 m. W. of Stockholm, and 

 S.W. of Lake Malar, with which it 

 is connected by a canal and the 

 Arboda river. It is some 39 m. long 

 by 13 m.wide ; area about 195 sq.m. 



H.M. Abbrev. for His (or Her) 

 Majesty. 



H.M.S. Abbrev. for His (or 

 Her) Majesty's ship or service. 



401 1 



Ho. Primitive 



forest-tribe in the 



Singhbhum d i s- 



trictof ChotaNag- 



pur, Bihar and 



Orissa province, 



N. India. Skilful 



archers, number- 

 ing (1911) 420,571, 



they speak a 



Munda dialect and 



show less Hindu 



influence than their 



Santal congeners. 

 Hoadley, BEN 



JAMIN( 1676-1761). 



English prelate. 



Born at Wester- 

 ham, Kent, Nov. 



14, 1676, he was 



educated at S. 



Catherine's Hall, Cambridge. 



strong politician, he supported the 



accession of the House of Hanover 

 to the British 

 throne, being 

 rewarded with 

 the bishoprics 

 of Bangor, 

 Hereford, Salis- 

 bury, and Win- 

 chester. He was 





a thorough- 

 going Erastian, 

 and his t h e o- 

 logical views 



Benjamin Hoadley, 

 English prelate 



After Hogarth 



were nearly akin to those of the 

 Unitarians. One of his sermons led 

 to the Bangorian Controversy (q. v. ). 

 He died at Chelsea, April 17, 1761. 



Hoang-Ho. Alternative spell- 

 ing of the river of China better 

 known as the Hwang-ho (q.v.). 



Hoar Cross. Village of Staf- 

 fordshire, England. It is on the 

 edge of Needwood Forest, 4 m. 

 E.S.E. of Abbots-Bromley. It is 

 noted for its magnificent church, 

 a Gothic building, built by Mrs. 

 Meynell-Ingram in 1892, from the 

 design of G. F. Bodley. Hoar Cross 

 Hall is the seat of the Meynells. 



Hoarding (old Fr. hurdis, a palis- 

 ade ). Originally a fence or hurdleen- 

 closing a house. It is specially used 

 for temporary woodwork erected 

 to protect buildings in course of 

 erection. The word is now used 

 for any wall or wooden fencing 

 whereon advertisements can be dis- 

 played. See Advertising ; Poster. 



Hoare, SIR RICHARD COLT 

 (1758-1838). English antiquary. 

 Born at Stourhead, Wilts, Dec. 9, 

 1758, grandson of Sir Richard 

 Hoare, Kt., banker and lord mayor 

 of London in 1745, he devoted his 

 time and ample means to archaeo- 

 logical pursuits. He published 

 journals of tours in Ireland, Elba, 

 Malta, Sicily, and Italy, translated 

 and annotated Giraldus Cam 

 brensis, 1806, and wrote Ancient 

 History of N. and S. Wiltshire, 



Hoai Frost particles deposited in characteristic pattern 

 on a window-pane 



A 1812-] 9, and Modern History of S. 

 Wiltshire, 1822-44. He died at 

 Stourhead, May 19, 1838. 



Hoar Frost (A.S. har, white). 

 Deposition of ice particles on sur- 

 faces when the dew point is below 

 32 F. The ice particles or crystals 

 readily form on the branches of 

 trees, leaves of grass, etc., and the 

 heaviest hoar frosts are formed 

 when the heaviest dews occur, on 

 clear, calm nights, when radiation 

 is little impeded. See Dew ; Frost. 



Hoarseness. Roughness of the 

 voice, usually due to laryngitis. 

 It may often be relieved by inhaling 

 steam from a jug of boiling water to 

 which a teaspoonful of tincture of 

 benzoin (friars' balsam) has been 

 added. See Laryngitis ; Voice. 



Hoar-Stone. Unhewn pillar- 

 stone, standing alone, often hoary 

 with lichen. It is usually a neo- 

 lithic menhir, sometimes with the 

 derivative purpose of a memorial 

 or landmark, such as the Haran- 

 stan of the Ethelwulf charter of 

 A.D. 847. The word designates two 

 Worcestershire hamlets, a Glou- 

 cestershire menhir, and a long 

 barrow at Duntisborne Abbotts. 



Hoatzin (Opisthocomus crw- 

 talus). South American bird. More 

 nearly related to the game birds 

 than to any other group, it is 

 about the size of a pigeon, and 

 resembles a small broad-tailed 

 pheasant with an erectile crest on 



Hoatzin. S. American bird 



