HOIHAU 



4024 



HOLBEIN 



Hoihau. Port of Kiungchow, 

 the capital of the Chinese adminis- 

 trative district of Kiungchow, which 

 comprises Hainan Island, off the S. 

 coast of China. Hoihau is a walled 

 town which owes its importance to 

 the opening of Kiungchow as a 

 treaty port. Here are the foreign 

 consulates and the customs station. 

 The name means seaport. Pop. 

 25,000. 



Hokitika. Capital of Westland, 

 South Island of New Zealand. It 

 is a centre of gold -mining, and has 

 rly. communication with Grey- 

 mouth, and thence via Otira 

 across the island. Gold was dis- 

 covered in the sands on the shore 

 there in 1865. Nearly 1,500,000 

 was produced within a year, but 

 gold-mining is now only a small 

 industry, since it has not been 

 possible to discover the auri- 

 ferous rocks in the Southern Alps 

 whence the alluvial gold origin- 

 ated. Pop. 2,090. 



Hokkaido. Term applied to a 

 northern section of Japan, that 

 includes Yezo and the Kurile 

 Islands (q.v.). Yezo, to which the 

 name Hokkaido is frequently 

 loosely applied, has an area of 

 30,500 sq. m., and is separated from 

 Sakhalin (Karafuto) by Soya Strait, 

 and from Honshu, the Japanese 

 mainland, by Tsugaru Strait. 



In general the shape of Yezo is 

 due to the lie of the mountain 

 ranges of the interior, for the land 

 usually rises somewhat rapidly 

 from the coast. The central block 

 of mountains, with many peaks 

 above a mile high, culminates 

 in Wutakkamushpa (7,300 ft.); 

 from it ridges radiate to the N., 

 W, and S. ; W. of the W. and S. 

 ridges lie the valleys of the two 

 largest rivers, Teshio and Ishikari, 

 with a coastal ridge W. of the 

 valleys. W. and S. of Sapporo, 

 ridges form a backbone as far as 

 Hakodate, the highest point being 

 Makkarinupuri (6,500 ft.), a grace- 

 ful tree-clad cone, with a crater 

 2 m. in circumference. Tarumae, 

 to the E. of Makkarinupuri, is an 

 active volcano, and the majority 

 of the peaks are extinct craters ; 

 between Tarumae and Mororan is 

 the hot spring and geyser district 

 of Noboribetsu. 



The main rly. line is from Hako- 

 date to Kushiro through Otaru, 

 Sapporo, and Asahigawa ; there 

 are branches to the coast at 

 Iwanai, Mororan, Rumoi, and 

 Abashiri, and a N. branch towards 

 Soya Strait which has reached 

 Otoineppu. From Kushiro the line 

 will go to Nemuro, the port for the 

 Kuriles. Ferry services are main- 

 tained from Hakodate and Mo- 

 roran to Aomori in* Honshu; the 

 main steamship service is from 



Otaru and Hakodate to Kobe. 

 Sapporo, a new town laid out in 

 1869, is the capital, and Hakodate is 

 the chief port : Otaru and Mororan 

 export coal from the Yubari and 

 smaller coalfields. Mororan has a 

 steel foundry, but fishing, lumber- 

 ing, and mining are the principal 

 industries. 



Tsugaru Strait is a deep channel 

 which separates the flora and fauna 

 of Yezo from those of Honshu ; the 

 grizzly bear of Yezo is not found 

 in Honshu ; the red pine of 

 Honshu does not occur in Yezo. 

 The climate is severe ; the winter 

 is long, and much snow falls, and 

 lies on the ground for six months, 

 and the shores are icebound for a 

 long period. There is very little 

 agriculture as the soil is unsuit- 

 able, but farming in a small way 

 is carried on. Salmon is canned at 

 Ishikari, and brewing is engaged in 

 at Sapporo, where there are paper 

 mills and glass works. The chief 

 exports are canned salmon, dried 

 fish roe, salt, sulphur, and fish oil. 

 Pop. 1,459,424, including about 

 20,000 Ainus. See Japan. 



Hokusai( 1760-1 849). Japanese 

 painter. Bom at Yeddo, he studied 

 under the elder Shonsho, whose 

 popular style he closely followed 

 at first. He is known as the 

 creator of popular Japanese genre, 

 landscapes, flower paintings, etc. ; 

 his kakemonos have been eagerly 

 sought by Western connoisseurs, 

 though his own countrymen have 

 never regarded him as an artist of 

 the first rank. He 

 died at Yeddo. 



Holbach, PAUL 

 HENRI THYRY 

 (PAUL HEINRICH 

 DIETRICH), BARON 

 D' (1723-89). 

 French material- 

 istic philosopher. 

 Born at Hilde- 

 sheim in the 

 Palatinate, he was 

 brought up in 

 Paris. Here he 

 gathered round 

 him distinguished 

 men and philoso- 

 phers d'Alem- 

 bert, Helvetius, 

 Diderot, Grimm. 

 His ideal was 

 entire political 

 and religious 

 liberty. His Sys- 

 tem of Nature, the 

 bible of material-- 

 ism, published 

 under the pseu- 

 donym of Mira- 

 b a u d, disturbed 

 by its outspoken 

 ness even Fred- 

 erick the Great 



and Voltaire, and terrified Goethe. 

 According to Holbach, mind and 

 matter, morality and natural 

 philosophy, are identical ; matter 

 and movement, its inseparable 

 companion, alone exist. All re- 

 ligions are equally harmful and 

 unnecessary. Holbach died in 

 Paris, Jan. 21, 1789. Pron. Olbak. 



Holbeach. Urban dist. and 

 market town of Lincolnshire, Eng- 

 land. It is 8 m. E. of Spalding, on 

 the M. and G.N. Jt. Rly. All 

 Saints' Church is a fine example of 

 the Late Decorated style, and the 

 grammar school dates from ](>(>!). 

 Roman remains have been ex- 

 cavated. Holbeach Marsh, be- 

 tween the town and the Wash, has 

 been reclaimed from the sea. 

 Market day, Thurs. A state colony 

 for ex-service men was established 

 here in 1917. Pop. 5,260. 



Holbeck. Parish of W.R. York- 

 shire. England, within the borough 

 of Leeds. It stands on the S. bank 

 of the Aire, with stations on the 

 Mid. and G.N. Rlys. See Leeds. 



Holbein, HANS (c. 1460-1524). 

 German painter. Born probably at 

 Augsburg, Bavaria, he was in- 

 fluenced by, and possibly studied 

 under, Martin Schongauer at 

 Colmar. Until 1514 his home was 

 Augsburg, but he was at Ulm in 

 1499 and Frankfort in 1501, and 

 died at Isenheim. Several of his 

 religious compositions are at Augs- 

 burg. He was called the elder to 

 distinguish him from his son, Hans 

 Holbein the younger. 



Hokusai. 



An illustration by the Japanese artist to a 

 romance, drawn about 1795 



