HOLKHAM HALL 



HOLLAND 



cosmography, and when he died 

 Holinshed became responsible for 

 the modified form in which it 

 appeared (in two folio volumes), in 

 1577, as The Chronicles of England, 

 Scotland, and Ireland. Holinshed 

 had as assistants William Harrison, 

 Richard Stanyhurst, and others. 

 A second edition, in three folio 

 volumes, appeared in 1587, and 

 there was a reprint in six volumes 

 in 1807-8. The work, familiarly 

 known as Holinshed's Chronicles, 

 was used by Shakespeare for his 

 historical plays. See Elizabethan 

 England, Lothrop Withington, 

 1889; Shakespeare's Holinshed, 

 W. G. Boswell Stone, 1907. 



Holkham Hall. Seat of the earl 

 of Leicester in Norfolk. It is a great 

 18th century Palladian house built 

 of white brick. Kent was the 

 architect, and it was erected by 

 Thomas Coke, 1st earl of Leicester. 

 It contains some fine rooms, es- 

 pecially the picture gallery. The 

 estate was bought in 1659 by John 

 Coke, a son of the lawyer, Sir Ed- 

 ward Coke. It is famous in the his- 



Joseph Chamberlain, 1888. He 

 died July 31, 1888. 



Holl, WILLTAM (1771-1838). 

 British engraver. Taught his trade 

 by Benjamin Smith, he made a 

 speciality of portrait work, and was 

 largely employed by Lodge in his 

 Portraits, 1821. His son William 

 (1807-71) was a steel engraver of 

 considerable merit. He worked for 

 Lodge and engraved pictures by 

 Frith, Baxter, Faed, Richmond, 

 Goodall, and others. He died in 

 London, Jan. 30, 1871. 



Holland. Linen fabric used as 

 material for dresses, aprons, blinds, 

 etc. The name " Holland cloth" was 

 originally given to linen made or 

 bleached in Holland. Formerly 

 holland was of very fine texture ; 

 in 1745 Daniel Defoe, inveigh- 

 ing against the extravagance of 

 the times, includes holland among 

 articles " requiring the regula- 

 tion of a sumptuary law." See 

 Linen. 



Holland. Country of Europe, 

 the nucleus of the kingdom of the 

 Netherlands. The name means 



Holkham Hall, Norfolk. The seat of the earl of Leicester seen from the park 



tory of agriculture because here 

 Coke's nephew and successor, the 

 earl known as Coke of Norfolk, 

 carried out his experiments, which 

 immensely increased the rental of 

 his estate. The village, which has 

 an old church with a lofty tower, is 

 on the coast, 2 m. from Wells. It 

 was once a port and market town. 

 Pron. Ho-kum. 



Holl, FRANCIS MONTAGUE (1845- 

 88). British painter. Son of Fran- 

 cis Holl, the engraver, he was born 

 in London, 

 July 4, 1845, 

 and studied 

 at the R.A. 

 schools. Sub- 

 ject pictures of 

 modern life, 

 rather sombre 

 i n sentiment, 

 at first occu- 

 pied him, but 

 in 1878 he ex- 

 hibited a portrait of Cousins, the 

 engraver, and its success was the 

 beginning of ten years' great popu- 

 larity as a portrait-painter. His 

 sitters included the duke of Cam- 

 bridge, 1883; Lord Wolseley, 1883 ; 

 John Bright, 1887 : Gladstone and 



Francis M. Holl, 

 British painter 



lowland and was first used in 1064. 

 It was given to a county that arose 

 on the ruins of the Carolingian 

 empire and was included in the 

 Holy Roman Empire. 



This county had its own rulers 

 from about 920, though it was not 

 until nearly two centuries later 

 that they were called counts of 

 Holland. Many of them were 

 named Dirk, while Floris was 

 another name among them, and 

 like their contemporaries their time 

 was mainly passed in fighting. In 

 general they were successful, the 

 result being that Holland grew 

 from a small district round Dor- 

 drecht to one including all the land 

 between the Texel and the Maas. 



In 1299 the line of the counts 

 became extinct, and the county 

 passed to John, a descendant in 

 the female line. He was also count 

 of Hainault and from his time that 

 county was united with Holland. 

 He had some trouble in establish- 

 ing himself, but he succeeded, and 

 his son William was recognized as 

 ruler also of the district around 

 Amsterdam and part of Zeeland, 

 the earlier counts having disputed 

 the lordship of these possessions 



with the counts of Flanders or the 

 bishops of Utrecht. In 1345 the 

 countly line again became extinct ; 

 eventually the county was secured 

 by William, a Bavarian prince. 



In the 14th century the land 

 was troubled by civil war between 

 the so-called Hooks and Cods, 

 into which Edward III of England, 

 whose wife had claims on Holland, 

 was drawn. William's brother, 

 Albert, ruled well for many years 

 and then came the latter's son, 

 who, dying in 1417, left an only 

 child, Jacqueline, already a widow. 

 Ringed with foes, she struggled 

 hard to preserve her inheritance, 

 but in the end she was obliged to 

 cede Holland and Zeeland to Philip 

 the Good of Burgundy. 



Holland and Zeeland passed 

 with the rest of the Burgundian 

 lands to Mary, the daughter of 

 Charles the Bold, and then to her 

 son Philip, a member of the 

 Hapsburg family. Philip's suc- 

 cessor was his son, Charles V, and 

 then came Philip II of Spain. 

 Against Philip, Holland and the 

 northern provinces of the Nether- 

 lands revolted. Holland and 

 Zeeland were united more closely 

 and round them was formed the 

 union of Utrecht, the seven 

 provinces that threw off the 

 sovereignty of Spain and were 

 Jater recognized by Europe as the 

 Dutch republic. The title of count 

 of Holland was borne by William 

 the Silent. See Netherlands. 



Holland, NORTH. Prov. of Hol- 

 land. It embraces the flat, low- 

 lying country between the N. Sea 

 and the Zuider Zee, and marches S. 

 with Utrecht and S. Holland. Large 

 tracts lie over 10 ft. below sea 

 level, protected by the dunes on 

 the W. coast and by dykes, e.g. 

 the Helder dyke. The capital is 

 Haarlem (q.v. ), but Amsterdam is 

 the largest town, others of note 

 being Helder- Nieuwdorp, Alkmaar, 

 Zaandam, Hoorn, Enkhuizen, and 

 Purmerend. The prov. is traversed 

 by the Noord Hollandsch and 

 Noord Zee canals and by other 

 lesser waterways. The Purmer and 

 Beemster are polders, or reclaimed 

 marshes. Agriculture is the main 

 economic feature, cattle-raising 

 being specially important. The 

 prov. was formerly part of W. Fries- 

 land, and sends nine members to the 

 first chamber. Area, 1,066 sq. m. 

 Pop. 1,278,330. See Netherlands. 



Holland, SOUTH. Province of 

 Holland. Adjoining N. Holland. 

 Utrecht, and N. Brabant, it in- 

 cludes the islands of the Rhine- 

 Maas delta, Voorne - Putten, 

 Beijerland, Goeree, Over Flakkee, 

 Ysselmonde, etc. The prov. has 

 The Hague as capital, other im- 

 portant towns being Rotterdam, 



