Mexico. Rural guards, employed as poll 

 districts of the republic, wearing the 



claimed an independent monarchy ; 

 but differences supervened be- 

 tween the monarchist and republi- 

 can parties. Iturbide, a Creole 

 general, reigned as emperor in 

 1822-23, but the republican party 

 was victorious in the latter year. 

 A federal constitution was brought 

 into force, and Spain abandoned 

 her claim in 1839. The country at 

 this time included California, Ari- 

 zona, Texas, Utah, etc., and was 

 twice as large as now. But Mexico 

 now became, and remains, an 

 almost continuously disordered 

 country. 



In 1835 Texas declared inde- 

 pendence, and in 1845 it was ad- 

 mitted to union with the U.S.A. 

 This led to war, in which the 

 Mexicans were beaten, and Texas, 

 New Mexico, and California were 

 ceded to the U.S.A. for a money 

 payment. 



In 1855 the Conservative regime 

 ended with the fall of the dictator 

 Santa Anna, and the struggle that 

 followed between the anti-clerical, 

 liberal Federalists, and the clerical, 

 conservative Federalists, aroused 

 deeper feeling than the usual out- 

 breaks. Juarez, the liberal head 

 of the government, was first driven 

 from Mexico City to Vera Cruz, 

 and during the years of civil war 

 which followed he promulgated 

 laws depriving the Church of all 

 rights. and possessions, which were 

 put into effect after the return of 

 the Liberals to power in 1860. 

 Juarez's repudiation of foreign 

 debts brought foreign interven- 

 tion, and Spanish, British, and 

 French troops landed in 1861. 



ce in the country 

 national hat 



5382' 



Napoleon III 

 had a vision of a 

 Franco - Ameri- 

 can empire, and 

 after . the with- 

 d r a w a 1 of the 

 British and 

 j Spanish armies 

 ; the French took 

 Mexico City in 

 1863, and in- 

 stalled a provi- 

 sional govern- 

 , ment which 

 elected Maxi- 

 1 milian, brother 

 j of the Austrian 

 I emperor, as king. 

 On his arrival he 

 made a real 

 effort to intro- 

 duce settled 

 government, but 

 the activities of 

 Juarez in the N. 

 and General Diaz 

 in the S. made 

 his position im- 

 possible, and the 

 French troops 

 were withdrawn owing to repre- 

 sentations by the American govern- 

 ment. By 1 867 Diaz was victorious 

 and Maximilian was executed. In 

 1876 Diaz (q.v.) was elected presi- 

 dent, a position he held till 1911. 

 He became, after his re-election in 

 1884, a dictator, indifferent to party 

 and ruling by means of a centralised 

 administration, with the state 

 governors admitted to a sort of 

 partnership. Under his rule the 

 finances were rehabilitated, guerrilla 

 warfare was put down, and economic 

 conditions improved. 



The period which followed the 

 downfall of Diaz was one of in- 

 ternal warfare, with one leader and 

 then another gaining a temporary 

 supremacy. In 1913 General 

 Huerta (q.v. ) assumed power and 

 executed Madero(q.v.). Huerta was 

 overthrown the following year by 

 Carranza and Villa, who in turn 

 intrigued for sole power. In 1916 

 the Carranzist government was 

 recognized by the U.S. govern- 

 ment, though Villa continued a 

 fierce guerrilla warfare, and the 

 position of the new government 

 was unstable. In 1920 Carranza 

 was captured by revolutionaries 

 under General Herrera and shot on 

 May 16, and Herrera became presi- 

 dent. On Sept. 6,. 1920, General 

 'Huegon was elected president 



In Dec., 1923, a revolution bioke 

 out in Vera Cruz, where General 

 Huerta set up a provisional govern- 

 ment. The cause of the rising was 

 a dispute as to candidates for the 

 office ot president Much un- 

 settlement marked the period 1923- 



25. o. J. R. Howarth 



MEXICO 



Bibliography. Mexico as I saw it, 

 Mrs. Alec Tweedie, 1901 ; History of 

 the Conquest of Mexico, 3 vols., W. 

 H. Prescott, rev. ed. 1903 ; Mexico 

 of the 20th Century, 2 vols., P. F. 

 Martin. 1907 ; Mexico, C. R. Enock, 

 1909 ; Handbook for Travellers in 

 Mexico, T. P. Terry, 1909 : Stan- 

 ford's Compendium of Geogmphy 

 and Travel. Central and S. America, 

 vol. 1, 2nd ed. 1911 ; The Coming 

 Mexico, J. K. Goodrich, 191 3^; 

 Mexico, the Wonderland of the 

 South, W. E. Carson, rev ed. 1914 : 

 A History of Mexico, H. H. Ban- 

 croft. 1914 ; The Real Mexico, H. H. 

 Fyfe, 1914 ; Mexico To-day and To- 

 morrow, E. D. Trowbridge, 1919. 



Mexico. Inland state of the 

 republic of Mexico. Bounded N. by 

 the state of Hidalgo and S. by 

 Guerrero and Morelos, it covers an 

 area of 9,230 sq. m., and encloses 

 the greater part of the federal dist. 

 and city of Mexico, which, how- 

 ever, do not form part of the state. 

 The S.E. and central portions are 

 mountainous, the highest summit 

 being the Popocatepetl volcano, 

 but the N. part is relatively flat. 

 There are a few rivers, the principal 

 being the Lerma, and of the lakes 

 the largest is Texcoco in the E. 

 An important industry is stock- 

 raising, and gold and silver mining 

 is carried on. Cereals, sugar, coffee, 

 and tobacco are cultivated, and 

 manufactures include cotton and 

 woollen goods, glass, flour, and 

 pottery. The National, Central, and 

 other rlys. serve the state. Toluca 

 is the capital. Pop 1,000,000, 



Mexico. City of N. America, 

 and capital of the republic of 

 Mexico. It lies within the federal 

 dist. on the plateau of Anahuac, 

 7,350 ft. alt., 290 m. by rly. from 

 Acapulco on the Pacific Ocean, and 

 263 m. from Vera Cruz on the Gulf 

 of Mexico. 



It occupies the middle of an 

 elevated valley girt by high 

 mountains, over which the avail- 

 able passes are at a considerable 

 elevation. 



Naturally healthy, with an agree- 

 able climate, the rainfall is 20 ins. ; 

 the temperature ranges from 53 F. 

 to 65 F. ; the prevailing N.W. 

 winds are damp, although the 

 less frequent S. winds are very 

 dry. A modern drainage system 

 completed in 1900 carries the 

 sewage ultimately to the Gulf of 

 Mexico, and the rater supply has 

 been improved. Textiles and 

 cigarettes are the most important 

 products of the 150 factories, 

 which also make boots and shoes, 

 Hour, chocolate, furniture, pianos, 

 glass soap etc. Electric rlys. run 

 through well- paved streets. 



The cathedral, begun in 1572 

 and unfinished for more than two 

 centuries, occupies the site of the 

 temple of Hnitzilopochtli, the war- 



